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Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 collection of anthropological essays by Russian naturalist and anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin. The essays, initially published in the English periodical The Nineteenth Century between 1890 and 1896, explore the role of mutually-beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or "mutual aid") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. It is an argument against theories of social Darwinism that emphasize competition and survival of the fittest, and against the romantic depictions by writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who thought that cooperation was motivated by universal love. Instead Kropotkin argues that mutual aid has pragmatic advantages for the survival of human and animal communities and, along with the conscience, has been promoted through natural selection.
Mutual Aid is considered a fundamental text in anarchist communism. It presents a scientific basis for communism as an alternative to the historical materialism of the Marxists. Kropotkin considers the importance of mutual aid for prosperity and survival in the animal kingdom, in indigenous and early European societies, in the Medieval free cities (especially through the guilds), and in the late 19th century village, labor movement, and poor folk. He criticizes the State for destroying historically important mutual aid institutions, particularly through the imposition of private property.
Many biologists also consider it an important catalyst in the scientific study of cooperation.
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Previews available in: English Russian Yiddish German
Subjects
Social institutions, Cooperation, Social groups, Sociology, Common good, Consensus (Social sciences), Mutualism, Sociologie, Groupes sociaux, Coopération, Associations, institutions, Evolution, Association and associations, Public welfare, History, Social evolution, Social justice, Mutualisme (Économie politique)Edition | Availability |
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001
Vzaimnaia Pomoshch', Kak Faktor Voliutsii
2023, Creative Media Partners, LLC
in Russian
1020751606 9781020751608
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002
Mutual Aid; a Factor of Evolution
2023, Creative Media Partners, LLC
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1021166782 9781021166784
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003
Mutual Aid; a Factor of Evolution
2023, Creative Media Partners, LLC
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1019369345 9781019369340
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004
Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
2022, Creative Media Partners, LLC
in German
101556058X 9781015560581
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El Apoyo Mutuo: Un factor de la Evolución.
Dec 01, 2022, Editorial Dharana
paperback
8412152018 9788412152012
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El suport mutu: Un factor de l'evolució
Mar 01, 2021, Virus Editorial
paperback
in Catalan
8417870075 9788417870072
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022
Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
Feb 13, 2018, Henricus Edition Deutsche Klassik
paperback
3847821857 9783847821854
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Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
2018, Creative Media Partners, LLC
in German
0343829843 9780343829841
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El Apoyo Mutuo
Mar 15, 2016, Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
paperback
1530556945 9781530556946
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027
Mutual Aid: A Factor in Evolution
Mar 13, 2014, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
paperback
1497333733 9781497333734
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029
Mutual Aid; a factor of evolution
Apr 23, 2012, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
paperback
1475035039 9781475035032
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030
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
2012, Dover Publications, Incorporated
in English
0486121534 9780486121536
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034
Mutual Aid: a Factor of Evolution
2012, Dover Publications, Incorporated
in English
1306338921 9781306338929
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035
Mutual Aid: a factor of evolution
Dec 03, 2011, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
paperback
1468023179 9781468023176
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036
Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
2011, Trotzdem Verlag, Alibri Verlag
Paperback
in German
- 1. Auflage
393178651X 9783931786519
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La seleccion natural y el apoyo mutuo
2009, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
in Spanish
8400087860 9788400087869
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043
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (Dodo Press)
June 22, 2007, Dodo Press
Paperback
in English
1406536555 9781406536553
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044
Vzaimopomoshchʹ kak faktor ėvoli︠u︡t︠s︡ii
2007, Samoobrazovanie
in Russian
5871402666 9785871402665
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045
(MUTUAL AID: A FACTOR OF EVOLUTION) BY Kropotkin, Peter(Author)Paperback on (04 , 2006)
2006-07-04, Dover Publications Inc.
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046
Mutual Aid (Large Print Edition): a factor of evolution
July 20, 2006, BiblioBazaar
Paperback
in English
1426414757 9781426414756
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047
Mutual aid: a factor of evolution / Peter Kropotkin.
2006, Dover Publications
in English
0486449130 9780486449135
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048
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (Dover Value Editions)
April 7, 2006, Dover Publications
Paperback
in English
0486449130 9780486449135
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049
Mutual Aid: a factor of evolution
Jul 20, 2006, BiblioLife, BiblioBazaar
paperback
1426414595 9781426414596
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050
Mutual Aid: A Factor Of Evolution
June 30, 2004, Kessinger Publishing
Paperback
in English
1419135929 9781419135927
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Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
1999, Trotzdem Verlag
Paperback
in German
- Neuauflage
3900434271 9783900434274
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Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
1989, Trotzdem Verlag, Verlag Monte Verita
Paperback
in German
3922209327 9783922209324
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057
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (Collected Works of Peter Kropotkin)
December 1988, Black Rose Books
Paperback
in English
- New Ed edition
0921689268 9780921689263
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058
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (Collected Works of Peter Kropotkin)
December 1988, Black Rose Books
Hardcover
in English
- New Ed edition
0921689276 9780921689270
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059
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
January 1, 1987, Freedom Press
Paperback
in English
0900384360 9780900384363
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061
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
June 1976, Porter Sargent Publishers
Paperback
in English
0875580246 9780875580241
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062
Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
1975, Kramer
in German
- 1.-2. Tsd. [Nachdr. d. Ausg. Leipzig, Thomas, 1908].
3879560544 9783879560547
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Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
April 1, 1972, New York University Press
Hardcover
in English
0814745555 9780814745557
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Mutual aid, a factor of evolution
1972, New York University Press
in English
0814745555 9780814745557
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Pomoc wzajemna jako czynnik rozwoju
1946, "Słowo" i Spółdzielczy Instytut Wydawniczy
in Polish
- 2. przejrzane wyd.
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Vzaimnai͡a︡ pomoshchʹ sredi zhivotnykh i li͡u︡deĭ, kak dvigatelʹ progressa
1922, Kn-vo "Golos truda"
in Russian
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Vzaimnai͡a pomoshchʹ sredi zhivotnykh i li͡udeĭ, kak dvigatelʹ progressa
1922, Knigoizdatelʹstvo "Golos truda"
in Russian
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Vzaimnai͡a︡ pomoshchʹ, kak faktor ėvoli͡u︡t͡s︡īi
1918, Izd. "Nauch.-anarkhistskoĭ biblīoteki"
in Russian
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Gegenzayṭige hilf bay ḥayes un menshen: als a faḳṭor fun enṭṿiḳlung
1913, Ḳropoṭḳin liṭeraṭur-gezelshafṭ
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Gegenzayṭige hilf bay ḥaye`sun menshen: als a faḳṭor fun enṭṿiḳlung
1913, Ḳropoṭḳin liṭeraṭur-gezelshafṭ
Microform
in Yiddish
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Gegenzayṭige hilf bay ḥayes un menshen: als a faḳṭor fun enṭṿiḳlung
1913, Ḳropoṭḳin liṭeraṭur-gezelshafṭ
in Yiddish
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Gegenzayṭige hilf bay ḥayes̀ un menshen: als a faḳṭor fun enṭṿiḳlung
1913, Ḳropoṭḳin liṭeraṭur-gezelshafṭ
in Yiddish
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Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
1908, Theod. Thomas
in German
- Unverkürzte Volksausg.
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Gegenseitige hilfe in der entwickelung.
1904, T. Thomas
in German
- Autorisierte deutsche ausg. besorgt von Gustav Landauer.
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Book Details
Edition Notes
Main chapters of the work appeared first in the periodical Nineteenth century, in the years 1890-1896
Includes index and bibliographical references
The Physical Object
ID Numbers
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- Created September 26, 2008
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March 16, 2024 | Edited by bitnapper | merge authors |
June 4, 2020 | Edited by lisaBot | moving edition(s) to primary work |
February 11, 2011 | Edited by Bryan Endersstocker | merge authors |
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September 26, 2008 | Created by ImportBot | Imported from Miami University of Ohio MARC record |