An edition of Principles of logic
(1908)
Principles Of Logic
by George Hayward Joyce
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Book Details
Table of Contents
CONTENTS
PART I
THE LOGIC OF THOUGHT
CHAPTER I
THE NATURE AND AIM OF LOGIC
§ 1. Definition of Logic ....... 1
§ 2. Divisions of Logic 3
§ 3. The Place of Logic in Philosophy ....... 5
§ 4. Scope of Logic ....... 7
§ 5. History of Logic ....... 8
Note. — Different Views as to the Scope of Logic ....... 11
CHAPTER II
THE CONCEPT : THE NAME : THE TERM
§ 1. The Concept ....... 15
§ 2. Repugnant Concepts ....... 18
§ 3. Adequate, Clear and Obscure Concepts ....... 18
§ 4. The Name and the Term ....... 19
§ 5. Categorematic and Syncategorematic Words ....... 19
§ 6. Divisions of Terms ....... 20
§ 7. Singular, General and Collective Terms ....... 21
§ 8. Abstract and Concrete Terms ....... 23
§ 9. Connotative and non-connotative terms ....... 25
§ 10. Positive and Negative Terms ....... 31
§ 11. Absolute and Relative Terms ....... 32
§ 12. Terms of First and Second Intention ....... 34
§ 13. Univocal, Equivocal and Analogous Terms ....... 35
§ 14. Opposition of Terms ....... 36
§ 15. The ' Suppositio ' of the Term ....... 37
CHAPTER III
THE JUDGMENT AND THE PROPOSITION
§ 1. The Proposition ....... 39
§ 2. Analysis of the Judgment ....... 41
§ 3. Quality of Propositions ....... 46
§ 4. Quantity of Propositions ....... 46
§ 5. The Fourfold Scheme of Propositions ....... 50
§ 6. Analytic and Synthetic Propositions ....... 51
§ 7. Complex Propositions ....... 55
§ 8. Compound Categorical Propositions ....... 56
§ 9. Modal Propositions ....... 58
§ 10. Reduction of Propositions to Logical Form ....... 61
§ 11. Hypothetical Propositions ....... 63
§ 12. Disjunctive Propositions ....... 65
CHAPTER IV
THE LAWS OF THOUGHT
§ 1. The Laws of Thought ....... 67
§ 2. The Law of Contradiction ....... 69
§ 3. The Law of Identity ....... 71
§ 4. The Law of Excluded Middle ....... 73
§ 5. Other Views as to the Source of the Laws of Thought ....... 75
CHAPTER V
DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF PROPOSITIONS : OPPOSITION OF PROPOSITIONS
§ 1. Diagrammatic Representation of Propositions : Eulbr's Circles ....... 77
§ 2. Distribution of Terms in a Proposition ....... 81
§ 3. Other Methods of Diagrammatic Representation ....... 82
§ 4. The Opposition of Propositions ....... 84
§ 5. Opposition as a Means of Inference ....... 88
§ 6. Contradictory Opposition outside the Four-fold Scheme ....... 89
§ 7. Contrary Opposition outside the Fourfold Scheme ....... 90
CHAPTER VI
IMMEDIATE INFERENCE
§ 1. Immediate Inference ....... 92
§ 2. Conversio ....... 93
§ 3. Aristotle's Proof of Conversion ....... 97
§ 4. Equipollence or Obversion ....... 98
§ 5. Contraposition ....... 99
§ 6. Inversion ....... 101
§ 7. Table of Results ....... 102
§ 8. Other Varieties of Immediate Inference ....... 102
CHAPTER VII
THE IMPORT OF PROPOSITIONS
§ 1. Import of Propositions : — Predicative View ....... 105
§ 2. The Class-inclusion View ....... 106
§ 3. The Attributive View ....... 109
§ 4. Implication of Existence ....... 110
§ 5. The Compartmental View ....... 116
§ 6. Mr. Bradley on the Proposition ....... 117
§ 7. Import of the Hypothetical Proposition ....... 119
CHAPTER VIII
THE PREDICABLES
§ 1. The Predicables ....... 121
§ 2. The Tree of Porphyry ....... 129
§ 3. Aristotle's Predicables ....... 131
§ 4. The Controversy on Universals ....... 132
§ 5. The Universal m Modern Logic ....... 135
CHAPTER IX
THE CATEGORIES
§ 1. The Categories in their Metaphysical Aspect ....... 137
§ 2. The Categories in their Logical Aspect ....... 142
§ 3. The Categories and the Sciences ....... 144
§ 4. The Categordis as a Classification of Predicates ....... 145
§ 5. Mill's Scheme of Categories ....... 147
§ 6. The Categordxs of Kant ....... 148
§ 7. The Concept of Being ....... 149
CHAPTER X
DEFINITION AND DIVISION
§ 1. Definition ....... 150
§ 2. Various Kinds of Definition ....... 152
§ 3. Limits of Definition ....... 159
§ 4. Rules of Definition ....... 159
§ 5. Logical Division ....... 161
§ 6. Rules of Division ....... 165
§ 7. Division by Dichotomy ....... 167
§ 8. Various Kinds of Division ....... 168
CHAPTER XI
THE CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM (I)
§ 1. The Categorical Syllogism ....... 169
§ 2. Relation of Premisses to Conclusion in regard to Truth ....... 172
§ 3. General Rules of the Syllogism ....... 172
§ 4. Figures and Moods of the Syllogism ....... 177
§ 5. Special Rules of the Four Figures ....... 179
§ 6. The Mnemonic Lines ....... 181
§ 7. Reduction ....... 182
§ 8. Superiority of Fig. i ....... 186
CHAPTER XII
THE CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM (II)
§ 1. Canon of Syllogistic Reasoning ....... 187
§ 2. The Fourth Figure ....... 191
§ 3. Expression in Syllogistic Form ....... 193
§ 4. Progressive and Regressive Syllogisms ....... 194
§ 5. Validity of the Syllogism ....... 195
§ 6. Mathematical Reasoning ....... 199
§ 7. Inferences other than Syllogistic ....... 200
§ 8. Mr. Bradley's Theory of Inference ....... 201
CHAPTER XIII
HYPOTHETICAL AND DISJUNCTIVE SYLLOGISMS
§ 1. Mixed Hypothetical Syllogisms ....... 203
§ 2. Reduction of Hypothetical Syllogisms ....... 206
§ 3. The Disjunctive Syllogism ....... 207
§ 4. The Dilemma ....... 209
§ 5. Answering the Dilemma ....... 212
CHAPTER XIV
INDUCTION
§ 1. The Nature of Induction ....... 215
§ 2. Cause and Condition ....... 219
§ 3. The Aim of Inductive Enquiry ....... 222
§ 4. Recognition of the Causal Relation ....... 223
§ 5. The Inductive Syllogism ....... 228
§ 6. Perfect and Imperfect Induction ....... 231
CHAPTER XV
THE UNIFORMITY OF NATURE
§ 1. The Uniformity of Nature ....... 235
§ 2. J. S. Mill on the Uniformity of Nature ....... 241
§ 3. "Cessante causa, cessat effectus" ....... 246
§ 4. Unity of Nature ....... 248
CHAPTER XVI
ENTHYMEME: SORITES: ANALOGY
§ 1. Enthymeme ....... 252
§ 2. The Aristotelian Enthymeme ....... 253
§ 3. Chains of Reasoning ....... 255
§ 4. Epichirema ....... 256
§ 5. Sorites ....... 257
§ 6. Analogy ....... 259
CHAPTER XVII
FALLACIES
§ 1. The Treatment of Fallacies in Logic ....... 264
§ 2. What Errors are reckoned as Fallacies ....... 265
§ 3. Aristotle's List of Fallacies ....... 267
§ 4. Equivocation ....... 268
§ 5. Amphibology ....... 269
§ 6. Composition and Division ....... 270
§ 7. Accent ....... 272
§ 8. Figure of Speech ....... 272
§ 9. Accident ....... 274
§ 10. Confusion of Absolute and Qualified Statement ....... 275
§ 11. Ignoratio Elenchi ....... 276
§ 12. Petitio Principii ....... 278
§ 13. Fallacy of the Consequent ....... 279
§ 14. False Cause ....... 280
15.; Many Questions ....... 281
§ 16. Mill's Classification of Fallacies ....... 282
PART II
APPLIED LOGIC, OR THE METHOD OF SCIENCE
CHAPTER XVIII
APPLIED LOGIC AND THE LOGIC OF THOUGHT
§ 1. Science and Philosophy ....... 289
§ 2. The Subdivisions of Philosophy ....... 293
§ 3. Logic and Metaphysics ....... 298
§ 4. The Breach with the Past ....... 300
§ 5. Bacon ....... 304
§ 6. Mill ....... 306
CHAPTER XIX
OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENT
§ 1. The Function of Observation and Experiment ....... 310
§ 2. In what Observation Consists ....... 311
§ 3. Conditions of Observation ....... 313
§ 4. Experiment ....... 315
§ 5. Natural Experiments ....... 317
§ 6. Relative Advantages of Observation and Experiment ....... 317
CHAPTER XX
METHODS OF INDUCTIVE ENQUIRY
§ 1. The Four Experimental Methods ....... 320
§ 2. Further Illustrations of the Methods ....... 325
§ 3. The Function of the Methods in Proving a Law of Nature ....... 330
§ 4. Criticism of Mill's Canons ....... 333
CHAPTER XXI
EXPLANATION
§ 1. Explanation ....... 337
§ 2. Explanation by Regressive Reasoning ....... 339
§ 3. Explanation by Hypothetical Deduction ....... 341
§ 4. Hypothetical Deduction and Induction ....... 343
§ 5. Explanation as Employed by Newton ....... 344
§ 6. Newton's Rules of Philosophizing ....... 349
CHAPTER XXII
HYPOTHESIS
§ 1. Hypothesis ....... 354
§ 2. Origin of Hypothesis ....... 357
§ 3. Conditions of a Leghtmate Hypothesis ....... 359
§ 4. Various Kinds of Hypotheses ....... 361
CHAPTER XXIII
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION: ELIMINATION OF CHANCE
§ 1. Measurement ....... 363
§ 2. Methods of Approximation ....... 367
§ 3. Chance ....... 369
§ 4. Elimination of Chance ....... 372
§ 5. Probability ....... 373
CHAPTER XXIV
CLASSIFICATION
§ 1. Classification ....... 380
§ 2. Artificial Classification ....... 382
§ 3. The Doctrine of Natural Species ....... 384
§ 4. Natural Classification ....... 389
§ 5. Classification by Series ....... 393
CHAPTER XXV
METHOD
§ 1. Scientific Method ....... 395
§ 2. The Methodic Pursuit of Truth ....... 398
§ 3. Philosophic Terminology ....... 400
§ 4. Descartes' Rules of Method ....... 402
§ 5. Leibniz's Views on Method ....... 404
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| August 11, 2020 | Edited by MARC Bot | remove fake subjects |
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