CONTENTS PART I THE LOGIC OF THOUGHT CHAPTER I THE NATURE AND AIM OF LOGIC § 1. Definition of Logic ....... 1 § 2. Divisions of Logic 3 § 3. The Place of Logic in Philosophy ....... 5 § 4. Scope of Logic ....... 7 § 5. History of Logic ....... 8 Note. — Different Views as to the Scope of Logic ....... 11 CHAPTER II THE CONCEPT : THE NAME : THE TERM § 1. The Concept ....... 15 § 2. Repugnant Concepts ....... 18 § 3. Adequate, Clear and Obscure Concepts ....... 18 § 4. The Name and the Term ....... 19 § 5. Categorematic and Syncategorematic Words ....... 19 § 6. Divisions of Terms ....... 20 § 7. Singular, General and Collective Terms ....... 21 § 8. Abstract and Concrete Terms ....... 23 § 9. Connotative and non-connotative terms ....... 25 § 10. Positive and Negative Terms ....... 31 § 11. Absolute and Relative Terms ....... 32 § 12. Terms of First and Second Intention ....... 34 § 13. Univocal, Equivocal and Analogous Terms ....... 35 § 14. Opposition of Terms ....... 36 § 15. The ' Suppositio ' of the Term ....... 37 CHAPTER III THE JUDGMENT AND THE PROPOSITION § 1. The Proposition ....... 39 § 2. Analysis of the Judgment ....... 41 § 3. Quality of Propositions ....... 46 § 4. Quantity of Propositions ....... 46 § 5. The Fourfold Scheme of Propositions ....... 50 § 6. Analytic and Synthetic Propositions ....... 51 § 7. Complex Propositions ....... 55 § 8. Compound Categorical Propositions ....... 56 § 9. Modal Propositions ....... 58 § 10. Reduction of Propositions to Logical Form ....... 61 § 11. Hypothetical Propositions ....... 63 § 12. Disjunctive Propositions ....... 65 CHAPTER IV THE LAWS OF THOUGHT § 1. The Laws of Thought ....... 67 § 2. The Law of Contradiction ....... 69 § 3. The Law of Identity ....... 71 § 4. The Law of Excluded Middle ....... 73 § 5. Other Views as to the Source of the Laws of Thought ....... 75 CHAPTER V DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF PROPOSITIONS : OPPOSITION OF PROPOSITIONS § 1. Diagrammatic Representation of Propositions : Eulbr's Circles ....... 77 § 2. Distribution of Terms in a Proposition ....... 81 § 3. Other Methods of Diagrammatic Representation ....... 82 § 4. The Opposition of Propositions ....... 84 § 5. Opposition as a Means of Inference ....... 88 § 6. Contradictory Opposition outside the Four-fold Scheme ....... 89 § 7. Contrary Opposition outside the Fourfold Scheme ....... 90 CHAPTER VI IMMEDIATE INFERENCE § 1. Immediate Inference ....... 92 § 2. Conversio ....... 93 § 3. Aristotle's Proof of Conversion ....... 97 § 4. Equipollence or Obversion ....... 98 § 5. Contraposition ....... 99 § 6. Inversion ....... 101 § 7. Table of Results ....... 102 § 8. Other Varieties of Immediate Inference ....... 102 CHAPTER VII THE IMPORT OF PROPOSITIONS § 1. Import of Propositions : — Predicative View ....... 105 § 2. The Class-inclusion View ....... 106 § 3. The Attributive View ....... 109 § 4. Implication of Existence ....... 110 § 5. The Compartmental View ....... 116 § 6. Mr. Bradley on the Proposition ....... 117 § 7. Import of the Hypothetical Proposition ....... 119 CHAPTER VIII THE PREDICABLES § 1. The Predicables ....... 121 § 2. The Tree of Porphyry ....... 129 § 3. Aristotle's Predicables ....... 131 § 4. The Controversy on Universals ....... 132 § 5. The Universal m Modern Logic ....... 135 CHAPTER IX THE CATEGORIES § 1. The Categories in their Metaphysical Aspect ....... 137 § 2. The Categories in their Logical Aspect ....... 142 § 3. The Categories and the Sciences ....... 144 § 4. The Categordis as a Classification of Predicates ....... 145 § 5. Mill's Scheme of Categories ....... 147 § 6. The Categordxs of Kant ....... 148 § 7. The Concept of Being ....... 149 CHAPTER X DEFINITION AND DIVISION § 1. Definition ....... 150 § 2. Various Kinds of Definition ....... 152 § 3. Limits of Definition ....... 159 § 4. Rules of Definition ....... 159 § 5. Logical Division ....... 161 § 6. Rules of Division ....... 165 § 7. Division by Dichotomy ....... 167 § 8. Various Kinds of Division ....... 168 CHAPTER XI THE CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM (I) § 1. The Categorical Syllogism ....... 169 § 2. Relation of Premisses to Conclusion in regard to Truth ....... 172 § 3. General Rules of the Syllogism ....... 172 § 4. Figures and Moods of the Syllogism ....... 177 § 5. Special Rules of the Four Figures ....... 179 § 6. The Mnemonic Lines ....... 181 § 7. Reduction ....... 182 § 8. Superiority of Fig. i ....... 186 CHAPTER XII THE CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM (II) § 1. Canon of Syllogistic Reasoning ....... 187 § 2. The Fourth Figure ....... 191 § 3. Expression in Syllogistic Form ....... 193 § 4. Progressive and Regressive Syllogisms ....... 194 § 5. Validity of the Syllogism ....... 195 § 6. Mathematical Reasoning ....... 199 § 7. Inferences other than Syllogistic ....... 200 § 8. Mr. Bradley's Theory of Inference ....... 201 CHAPTER XIII HYPOTHETICAL AND DISJUNCTIVE SYLLOGISMS § 1. Mixed Hypothetical Syllogisms ....... 203 § 2. Reduction of Hypothetical Syllogisms ....... 206 § 3. The Disjunctive Syllogism ....... 207 § 4. The Dilemma ....... 209 § 5. Answering the Dilemma ....... 212 CHAPTER XIV INDUCTION § 1. The Nature of Induction ....... 215 § 2. Cause and Condition ....... 219 § 3. The Aim of Inductive Enquiry ....... 222 § 4. Recognition of the Causal Relation ....... 223 § 5. The Inductive Syllogism ....... 228 § 6. Perfect and Imperfect Induction ....... 231 CHAPTER XV THE UNIFORMITY OF NATURE § 1. The Uniformity of Nature ....... 235 § 2. J. S. Mill on the Uniformity of Nature ....... 241 § 3. "Cessante causa, cessat effectus" ....... 246 § 4. Unity of Nature ....... 248 CHAPTER XVI ENTHYMEME: SORITES: ANALOGY § 1. Enthymeme ....... 252 § 2. The Aristotelian Enthymeme ....... 253 § 3. Chains of Reasoning ....... 255 § 4. Epichirema ....... 256 § 5. Sorites ....... 257 § 6. Analogy ....... 259 CHAPTER XVII FALLACIES § 1. The Treatment of Fallacies in Logic ....... 264 § 2. What Errors are reckoned as Fallacies ....... 265 § 3. Aristotle's List of Fallacies ....... 267 § 4. Equivocation ....... 268 § 5. Amphibology ....... 269 § 6. Composition and Division ....... 270 § 7. Accent ....... 272 § 8. Figure of Speech ....... 272 § 9. Accident ....... 274 § 10. Confusion of Absolute and Qualified Statement ....... 275 § 11. Ignoratio Elenchi ....... 276 § 12. Petitio Principii ....... 278 § 13. Fallacy of the Consequent ....... 279 § 14. False Cause ....... 280 15.; Many Questions ....... 281 § 16. Mill's Classification of Fallacies ....... 282 PART II APPLIED LOGIC, OR THE METHOD OF SCIENCE CHAPTER XVIII APPLIED LOGIC AND THE LOGIC OF THOUGHT § 1. Science and Philosophy ....... 289 § 2. The Subdivisions of Philosophy ....... 293 § 3. Logic and Metaphysics ....... 298 § 4. The Breach with the Past ....... 300 § 5. Bacon ....... 304 § 6. Mill ....... 306 CHAPTER XIX OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENT § 1. The Function of Observation and Experiment ....... 310 § 2. In what Observation Consists ....... 311 § 3. Conditions of Observation ....... 313 § 4. Experiment ....... 315 § 5. Natural Experiments ....... 317 § 6. Relative Advantages of Observation and Experiment ....... 317 CHAPTER XX METHODS OF INDUCTIVE ENQUIRY § 1. The Four Experimental Methods ....... 320 § 2. Further Illustrations of the Methods ....... 325 § 3. The Function of the Methods in Proving a Law of Nature ....... 330 § 4. Criticism of Mill's Canons ....... 333 CHAPTER XXI EXPLANATION § 1. Explanation ....... 337 § 2. Explanation by Regressive Reasoning ....... 339 § 3. Explanation by Hypothetical Deduction ....... 341 § 4. Hypothetical Deduction and Induction ....... 343 § 5. Explanation as Employed by Newton ....... 344 § 6. Newton's Rules of Philosophizing ....... 349 CHAPTER XXII HYPOTHESIS § 1. Hypothesis ....... 354 § 2. Origin of Hypothesis ....... 357 § 3. Conditions of a Leghtmate Hypothesis ....... 359 § 4. Various Kinds of Hypotheses ....... 361 CHAPTER XXIII QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION: ELIMINATION OF CHANCE § 1. Measurement ....... 363 § 2. Methods of Approximation ....... 367 § 3. Chance ....... 369 § 4. Elimination of Chance ....... 372 § 5. Probability ....... 373 CHAPTER XXIV CLASSIFICATION § 1. Classification ....... 380 § 2. Artificial Classification ....... 382 § 3. The Doctrine of Natural Species ....... 384 § 4. Natural Classification ....... 389 § 5. Classification by Series ....... 393 CHAPTER XXV METHOD § 1. Scientific Method ....... 395 § 2. The Methodic Pursuit of Truth ....... 398 § 3. Philosophic Terminology ....... 400 § 4. Descartes' Rules of Method ....... 402 § 5. Leibniz's Views on Method ....... 404 Digitized by Google.

Electronic reproduction

Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002

digitized

Description based on print version record

plus-circle Add Review

comment

Reviews