Preface
Acknowledgments
Part 1: Introduction:
Introduction to the new police accountability:
New police accountability at work: three examples:
Meaning of the three examples
Plan of this book
Challenge of police accountability:
Policing in America: images and reality
Definition of police accountability:
Accountability and police legitimacy
Legitimacy and the new police accountability
Strategies and tactics of the new police accountability:
Use of force and critical incident policies
External and internal review
Framework for accountability: PTSR:
Policy
Training
Supervision
Review
Basic themes in the new police accountability:
Focus on organizational change
Data collection and analysis
Police departments as learning organizations
From punishment to behavior change
Role of federal pattern or practice investigations
Challenge ahead
Accomplishments and limits of traditional police reforms:
Past police reform strategies:
Police professionalization movement
Shortcomings of professionalization
Comment on accreditation of law enforcement agencies
Judicial strategy: courts as an instrument of police reform
Criminal prosecution of police officers
Legislative strategy: external oversight of the police
Conclusion: Lessons of the past
Part 2: Elements Of The New Police Accountability:
Critical incident policies:
Holding officers accountable: controlling critical incidents
Administrative rulemaking: basic accountability process
Turning point: new deadly force policy in New York City, 1972
Administrative rulemaking framework:
Confine, structure, and check discretion
Collateral aspects of rulemaking
Critical incidents:
Use of deadly force
Less-lethal force
De-escalation, disengagement
Vehicle pursuits
Foot pursuits
Gender bias issues: domestic violence and sexual assaults
Deployment of canines
Responding to people with mental disorders
Ensuring bias-free policing
Additional critical incident issues:
Failure to report incidents and incomplete reports
Officers in critical incidents
Ensuring consistency among policies
Conclusion
Citizen complaints and complaint investigation procedures:
New paradigm of citizen complaints:
Preliminary considerations
Citizen complaints as a First Amendment right
Basic principles for citizen complaint procedures
Lack of national standards
Citizen complaint process:
Public information about the complaint process
Information in all relevant languages
Officer responsibility to provide information about the complaint process
Multiple and convenient methods of filing complaints
Issue of anonymous complaints
Citizen inquiries, questions, and complaints
Investigating complaints:
Accepting and classifying complaints
Issue of withdrawn complaints
Police officer cooperation with investigations
Departmental cooperation with citizen review agencies
Interviews at convenient and comfortable locations
Ensuring thorough and fair investigations
Disposition of complaints
Staffing and managing the complaint investigation process:
Staffing and resources
Investigation policy and procedure manual
Training for investigators
Special nature of citizen complaints against police officers
Timely investigations
Evaluating the complaint investigation process:
Sustain rate as an invalid performance indicator
Surveying complainants and officers
Conclusion
Early intervention systems:
New approach to police accountability
Background and development of an EIS:
Becoming a best practice in policing
Basic considerations of an EIS:
Centerpiece of the new accountability
Introducing an EIS
Note on terminology
Early intervention and the formal discipline system
From punishment to behavior change
EISs do not predict future behavior
Components of an EIS:
Performance indicators
Identification and selection of officers
Intervention
Post-intervention monitoring
Impacts of an EIS:
Transforming the role of supervisors
Changing the organizational culture
EISs and other police reforms:
EISs and problem-oriented policing
EISs and COMPSTAT
EISs and risk management
Effectiveness of EISs:
NIJ evaluation of three EISs
Los Angeles Sheriff's Department's PPI system
Longitudinal study with intriguing results
Experiences and perceptions of police managers with an EIS
Implementing and managing an EIS:
Saga of TEAMS II in the Los Angeles Police Department
Case of the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department's PPI system
Conclusion
External and internal review:
Review: Becoming a learning organization
Police auditors as external review:
Authority and structure
Functions and activities:
Auditing the complaint process
Auditing police operations
Policy review
Community outreach
Contributing to transparency
Case study: New standard in openness on police discipline
Case studies of police auditors in action:
Special counsel to the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department
LASD Office of Independent Review
San Jose Independent Police Auditor
Boise Ombudsman
Recent blue-ribbon commissions
Limits of external review
Collaborative reform process: promising new initiative
Conditions of success for external review
New developments in internal review
Conclusion
Part 3: Contemporary Issues In Accountability:
Risk management as an accountability strategy:
What is risk management?
Risk management, police liability, and accountability:
Police officer use of force
Vehicular pursuits
Canine units (K-9 units)
Police accountability after hours: managing off-duty conduct of officers
Early intervention systems: tool in risk management for the police
Prevalence of risk management in American policing
Research on risk management in policing
Barriers to the implementation of risk management
Overcoming barriers to implementation: case of risk management in medicine
Innovative risk management in medicine: Checklist
Checklists and policing: could it work?
Looking ahead: future of risk management in policing
New technology and police accountability:
Video recording devices used by the public
Reporting police misconduct: is there an app for that?
Video recording devices used by the police
Police use of social media to inform the public
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Future of technology and police accountability
Police accountability and the economy:
Economic conditions and police service
Police accountability and the economy
Part 4: Future Of Police Accountability:
Future of police accountability:
Quick look backwards
State of police accountability today
Progress in police accountability: what are "best practices"?
Challenge of sustaining accountability reforms
Index
About the authors.