1. The Problem Page 1 I. Introduction Page 1 II. Class Nominalism Page 8 III. Theories Page 14 IV. Methodology Page 18 2. Primitive Natural Classes Page 21 I. How Is It Determined that a Class is Natural? Page 21 II. Degrees of Naturalness Page 23 III. The Coextension Problem Page 25 IV. Wolterstorff's Argument from the Identity Conditions of Classes Page 27 V. Types Determine Classes, Not Classes Types Page 27 VI. The Causal Argument Page 28 VII. The Problem About Relations Page 29 VIII. Higher-Order Types Page 32 IX. The Appartatus of the Natural Class Theory Page 36 3. Resemblance Nominalism Page 39 I. Properties of Resemblance Page 39 II. That Resemblance Is an Internal Relation and the Consequences of This Page 43 III. Constructing a Resemblance Class Page 47 IV. Identity Conditions for Classes Are No Problem Page 48 V. Does Resemblance Determine Type? Page 49 VI. The Causal Argument Page 49 VII. The Coextension Problem Again Page 50 VIII. Relations Page 51 IX. Higher-Order Types Page 52 X. The Resemblance Regress Page 53 XI. The Apparatus of the Resemblance Theory Page 57 4. Particulars as Bundles of Universals Page 59 I. Substance-Attribute Versus Bundle Theories Page 59 II. The Identity of Indiscernibles Page 64 III. Problems of Constructing the Bundle Page 70 IV. A Further Problem with Compresence Page 72 V. Can Universals Be the Substance of the World? Page 73 5. Universals as Attributes Page 75 I. Uninstantiated Universals? Page 75 II. Disjunctive, Negative, and Conjunctive Universals Page 82 III. Predicates and Universals Page 84 IV. States of Affairs Page 88 V. A World of States of Affairs? Page 93 VI. The Thin and the Thick Particular Page 94 VII. Universals as Ways Page 96 VIII. Multiple Location Page 98 IX. Higher-Order Types Page 99 X. The Formal Properties of Resemblance Page 102 XI. Resemblance Between Universals Page 103 XII. The Fundamental Tie Page 108 XIII. The Apparatus of an Attribute Theory of Universals Page 111 6. Tropes Page 113 I. Substances Versus Bundles Page 113 II. States of Affairs Again Page 116 III. Tropes and the Problem of Universals Page 119 IV. Tropes as Substitutes for Univerals Page 121 V. A Trope Substitute for the Resemblance of Universals Page 122 VI. Trope Nominalism Versus "Regular" Nominalism Page 125 VII. Bundles Versus Substance-Attribute Again Page 127 VIII. Natural Classes of Tropes Versus Resemblances Page 128 IX. Swapping of Tropes Page 131 X. Tropes with Universals Page 132 7. Summing Up Page 135 References Page 141 Index Page 145