An edition of A structural re-evaluation of the collapse of World Trade Center 7 :
(2020)
A structural re-evaluation of the collapse of World Trade Center 7 :
final report
INE Report 18.17
by J. Leroy Hulsey and Zhili Quan
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A structural re-evaluation of the collapse of World Trade Center 7 :: final report
March 2020, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering College of Engineering and Mines Institute of Northern Engineering University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775 prepared for Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth
in English
- INE Report 18.17
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Book Details
First Sentence
"This report presents the findings and conclusions of a four-year study of the collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 (WTC 7) — a 47-story building that suffered a total collapse at 5:20 PM on September 11, 2001, following the horrible events of that morning. Figure E.1 shows the layout of WTC 7 in relation to the World Trade Center complex prior to September 11, 2001"
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... ii
EXTERNAL PEER REVIEWERS ............................................................................................... III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... iii
DISCLAIMER ............................................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................vi
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... xii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. 1
CHAPTER 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 8
1.1 Background.......................................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Objective............................................................................................................................ 13
1.3 Literature Review and Interpretation of Drawings ............................................................ 13
1.4 Previous Studies of WTC 7’s Collapse ............................................................................. 16
1.4.1 Federal Emergency Management Agency, May 2002 ........................................... 16
1.4.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology, November 2008......................... 17
1.4.3 Arup and Nordenson, April 2010 ........................................................................... 20
1.4.4 Weidlinger, October 2010 ...................................................................................... 21
1.5 The UAF Team’s Approach to Examining the Structural Response of WTC 7 ............... 21
1.5.1 Approach 1: Structural Response to Fire Loading ................................................. 21
1.5.2 Approach 2: Evaluation of NIST’s Collapse Initiation Hypothesis ....................... 22
1.5.3 Approach 3: Simulating the Collapse of WTC 7 .................................................... 23
CHAPTER 2.0 STRUCTURAL RESPONSE TO FIRE LOADING ........................................... 24
2.1 Process Overview .............................................................................................................. 24
2.1.1 Software Tools and Uses ........................................................................................ 24
2.1.2 General Outline of the Study .................................................................................. 24
2.1.3 Background Studies ................................................................................................ 26
2.2 Solid Works Modeling ...................................................................................................... 32
2.3 Column 79 Buckling Analysis........................................................................................... 37
2.4 SAP2000 Modeling ........................................................................................................... 39
2.4.1 Structural Steel Framing and Bracing Models.......................................................... 39
2.4.2 Floor Slab Sub-models ............................................................................................. 45
2.5 ABAQUS Modeling .......................................................................................................... 49
2.5.1 Floors 12 and 13 ABAQUS Model ........................................................................ 50
2.5.2 Structural Steel Connections Using ABAQUS....................................................... 52
2.6 WTC 7 Structural Response to Fire Loading .................................................................... 63
2.6.1 SAP2000 Thermal Deformation Analysis .............................................................. 64
2.6.2 ABAQUS Analysis ................................................................................................. 68
2.7 Summary and Conclusion.................................................................................................. 73
CHAPTER 3.0 EVALUATION OF NIST’S COLLAPSE INITIATION HYPOTHESIS ........... 75
3.1 Methodology and Modeling Assumptions ........................................................................ 75
3.1.1 NIST’s Modeling Assumptions Used by UAF Team ............................................. 75
3.2 Evaluation and Discussion of NIST’s Collapse Initiation Hypothesis .............................. 77
3.2.1 Girder A2001 Trapped by Side Plate...................................................................... 77
3.2.2 Girder A2001 Web Stiffeners Prevent Flange Failure and Girder Walk-off.......... 80
3.2.3 Lateral Support Beams Prevent Beam Buckling .................................................... 83
3.3 Evaluation of the Arup and Nordenson Collapse Initiation Hypothesis ........................... 87
3.3.1 Discussion of Arup and Nordenson’s Analysis ...................................................... 87
3.4 Evaluation of the Weidlinger Collapse Initiation Hypothesis ........................................... 91
3.4.1 Discussion of Weidlinger’s Collapse Initiation Hypothesis ................................... 91
CHAPTER 4.0 SIMULATING THE COLLAPSE OF WTC 7 .................................................... 92
4.1 Key Features of the Collapse ............................................................................................. 92
4.1.1 Discussion of NIST’s Progressive Collapse Simulation ........................................ 92
4.2 The UAF Research Team’s Approach .............................................................................. 94
4.2.1 Hypothetical Failure Mechanisms for the East Penthouse Collapse ...................... 94
4.2.2 Hypothetical Failure Mechanisms for West Penthouse and North Face Roofline
Collapse .................................................................................................................. 95
4.3 Results of the East Penthouse Collapse Analyses ............................................................. 95
4.4 Linear and Dynamic Analytical Methods.......................................................................... 99
4.5 Results from Analysis of NIST’s Horizontal Core Column Failure Scenario .................. 99
4.6 Results of Core Column/Exterior Column Failure Analysis ........................................... 105
4.7 Summary and Conclusion................................................................................................ 109
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 111
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