This book is an annual publication entering its 41st year. The series represents current trends and issues in the field of educational communications and technology, journals, and other periodicals associated with the field, and the academic programs that prepare instructional technology professionals. Springer has been the publisher for the series, in cooperation with the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, for the past five years. Volume 40 will feature a section on Learning, Design, and Technology Trends, in addition to updated information about programs, associations, journals, and a new ranking of the top academic degree programs in the field of Learning, Design, and Technology.