An edition of History of the church, from its first establishment to our own times
(1898)
History of the church, from its first establishment to our own times
designed for the use of ecclesiastical seminaries and colleges
by J. A. Birkhaeuser
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History of the church, from its first establishment to our own times: designed for the use of ecclesiastical seminaries and colleges
1898, F. Pustet
in English
- 6th ed., rev. and enl.
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Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Preface
Introduction
FIRST PERIOD.
CHRISTIAN ANTIQUITY.
FROM CHRIST TO THE END OF THE SEVENTH CENTURY,
OR,
FROM A. D. 1 TO A. D. 680.
FIRST EPOCH.
FROM THE BIRTH OF CHRIST TO THE EDICT OF MILAN,
OR,
FROM A. D. 1 TO A. D. 313.
CHAPTER I.
HISTORY OF JESUS CHRIST, THE DIVINE FOUNDER OF THE CHURCH.
Section I. Birth and Early Life of Christ 1
Section II. Public Life of our Lord 3
Section III. Passion and Death of our Lord 6
CHAPTER II.
HISTORY OF THE APOSTLES.
Section IV. Pentecost — Preaching of the Apostles 10
Section V. Growth of the Infant Church 18
Section VI. Apostolic Labors of St. Peter — The Founding of the See of Rome 16
Section VII. Apostolic Labors of St. Paul — His Missionary Journeys and his Epistles 19
Section VIII. — Labors of the Other Apostles — Disciples of Apostles 24
Section IX. Overthrow of Judaism and Triumph of the Infant Church 28
Section X. Rapid Propagation of Christianity — Its causes 31
Section XI. Propagation of Christianity in Particular Countries 33
CHAPTER III.
RELATION OR THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH TO THE HEATHEN WORLD.
Ration XII. Heathen Opposition to the Christian Church — Persecution of the Faithful 37
Section XIII. Persecutions during the First Century 40
Section XIV. Persecutions during the Second Century 43
Section XV. Persecutions during the Third Century 46
Section XVI. Persecutions during the Third Century, Continued 48
Section XVII. The Great Persecution under Diocletian and His Colleagues 51
Section XVIII. Continuation of the Persecution under Galerius and Maximin Daja 55
Section XIX. Heathen Philosophy in Opposition to Christianity 68
CHAPTER IV.
EARLY CATHOLIC LITERATURE.
Section XX. The Apostolic Fathers 62
Section XXI. The Christian Apologists 64
Section XXII. The Fathers after the Apostolic Age 69
Section XXIII. Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Tertullian 71
Section XXIV. Other Christian Writers 74
Section XXV. The Early Christian Schools or Lyceums — Versions and Canon of the Sacred Scriptures 77
CHAPTER V.
HISTORY OF HERESIES AND SCHISMS.
I. HERESIES.
Section XXVI. Heresies during the Apostolic Age 80
Section XXVII. Heresies after the Apostolic Age — The Gnostic Sects — Various Gnostic Schools 83
Section XXVIII. The Manicheans 87
Section XXIX. The Montanists and Alogi 88
Section XXX. Antitrinitarian Heresies 90
II. SCHISMS AND CONTROVERSIES.
Section XXXI. Schisms, (a.) of Novatus at Carthage; (b.) of Novatian at Rome, and (c.) of Meletius in Egypt 92
Section XXXII. Controversies concerning (a.) The Millennium, (b.) Paschal Festival, and (c.) The Validity of Heretical Baptism 96
CHAPTER VI.
CONSTITUTION, WORSHIP, AND DISCIPLINE.
Section XXXIII. The Clergy — Different Orders of Clergy 98
Section XXXIV. The Hierarchy of Bishops — Metropolitans 101
Section XXXV. The Primacy of the Roman See — Authority of the Popes over the Whole Church 103
Section XXXVI. Popes of the First and Second Centuries 105
Section XXXVII. Popes of the Third Century 107
Section XXXVIII. The Sacraments of Baptism and Confirmation 111
Section XXXIX. Practice and Discipline of Penance — The Sacrament of Penance 118
Section XL. The Holy Eucharist — Discipline of the Secret 115
Section XLI. Holy Days and Ecclesiastical Seasons — Sacred Rites and Places — The Catacombs 118
SECOND EPOCH.
FROM THE EDICT OF MILAN TO THE SIXIH ECUMENICAL COUNCIL,
OR,
FROM A. D. 813 TO A. D. 680.
Introductory Remarks.
CHAPTER I.
CHRISTIANITY TRIUMPHANT OVER PAGANISM.
I. THE CHURCH IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
Section XLII. The Church under Constantine and his Sons 124
Section XLIII. The Church under Julian the Apostate 127
Section XLIV. The Church under the Successors of Julian — Extinction of Paganism in the Roman Empire 129
II. THE CHURCH OUTSIDE THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
Section XLV. Propagation of Christianity in Asia and Africa 131
Section XLVI. Conversion of Ireland by St. Patrick 185
Section XLVII. Christianity in Britain and Scotland 138
III. CHRISTIANITY AMONG THE GERMANIC AND SCLAVONIC NATIONS.
Section XLVIII. The Migration of the Nations 141
Section XLIX. Christianity among the Visigoths in Spain, and Ostrogoths and Lombards in Italy 143
Section L. Christianity among the Vandals in Africa — The Huns 146
Section LI. Christianity in Gaul — The Burgundians — Conversion of the Franks 148
Section LII. Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons in Britain 149
CHAPTER II.
PATRISTIC LITERATURE.
Section LIII. The Greek Fathers and Doctors 152
Section LIV. The Greek Fathers, Continued 156
Section LV. Other Greek Writers — The Christian Schools of Alexandria and Antioch 161
Section LVI. Doctors of the Latin Church 166
Section LVII. Other Doctors and Fathers of the Latin Church 171
Section LVIII. Other Latin Writers 174
Section LIX. Syrian Fathers and Writers 178
CHAPTER III.
HISTORY OF HERESIES AND SCHISMS.
I. HERESIES.
Section LX. Arianism — Ecumenical Council of Nice 181
Section LXI. Intrigues of the Eusebians — Persecution of Orthodox Bishops 185
Section LXII. Arlan Parties — The Pretended Fall of Liberius and Bishop Hosius 189
Section LXIII. Decline and End of Arianism in the Roman Empire 193
Section LXIV. The Heresies of Macedonius, Appollinaris, and Photinus — Second General Council of Constantinople 194
Section LXV. Pelagianism 197
Section LXVI. Semi-Pelagianism — Predestinarians 199
Section LXVII. Nestorianism — Third General Council of Ephesus 201
Section LXVIII. The Monophysite Heresy — The Fourth Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon 204
Section LXIX. The Origenist Controversy 209
Section LXX. The Three Chapters — The Fifth Ecumenical Council of Constantinople 210
Section LXXI. Heresy of the Monothelites 218
Section LXXII. The Sixth Ecumenical Council, A. D. 680 — The Supposed Fall of Honorius 216
Section LXXIII. Minor Sects 218
II. SCHISMS.
Section LXXIV. Schism of the Donatists — Luciferian and Meletian Schisms 220
Section LXXV. Mohammed and Mohammedanism 224
CHAPTER IV.
CONSTITUTION, WOR8HIP, AND DISCIPLINE.
Section LXXVI. Education and Celibacy of the Clergy 227
Section LXXVII. Metropolitans, Primates, Exarchs and Patriarchs — Bishops — Their Assistants 228
Section LXXVIII. The Primacy of the Roman See 230
Section LXXIX. The Popes of the Fourth and Fifth Centuries 234
Section LXXX. The Popes of the SiXIh Century to the Accession of Gregory the Great 237
Section LXXXI. Gregory I. the Great — The Popes to the Close of the Seventh Century 240
Section LXXXII. Sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation, and Penance 243
Section LXXXIII. Holy Eucharist 245
Section LXXXIV. Eremitical and Monastic Life 248
SECOND PERIOD.
MEDIEVAL CHURCH HISTORY.
FROM THR CLOSE OF THE SEVENTH TO THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY,
OR,
FROM A. D. 680 TO A. D. 1600.
FIRST EPOCH.
FROM THE CLOSE OF THE SEVENTH CENTURY TO THF GREEK SCHISM,
OR,
FROM A. D. 680 TO A. D. 1054.
Introductory Remarks.
CHAPTER I.
PROPAGATION OF CHRISTIANITY.
Section I. Christianity in Germany 257
Section II. Labors of St. Boniface 260
Section III. Conversion of the Saxons — Christianity in Scandinavia 262
Section IV. Christianity among the Sclavonic Nations — SS. Cyril and Methodius, Apostles of the Sclavonians 265
Section V. Christianity among the Sclavonians, Continued — The Bohemians, Poles, and Russians — Conversion of Hungary 268
Section VI. State of the Church in Ireland 270
Section VII. State of the Church in England 275
Section VIII. State of the Church in France and Spain 279
CHAPTER II.
RELATION OF THE PAPACY TO THE EMPIRE.
Section IX. The Popes under the Byzantine Rule 281
Section X. Temporal Dominion of the Popes — Papal States — Stephen III. — His Successors 284
Section XI. The Holy Roman Empire — Pope Leo III. and Charlemagne 287
Section XII. Successors of Leo III. 290
Section XIII. Pontificate of Nicholas I. the Great. — The Papacy to the the Ninth Century 292
Section XIV. The Papacy from the Death of Formosus to John XII. Enslavement of the Holy See 295
Section XV. The Papacy after the Restoration of the Empire under Otho I. the Great 299
Section XVI. The Papacy from the Death of Sylvester II. to that of Leo IX. — Renewed Dependency of the Holy See 302
CHAPTER III.
CATHOLIC SCIENCE AND LITERATURE.
Section XVII. General State of Learning in this Epoch — Endeavors of the Church to Promote Letters 304
Section XVIII. Christian Scholars and Writers — Their Works 308
CHAPTER IV.
HERESIES AND SCHISMS.
Section XIX. Iconoclasm — Seventh Ecumenical Council. 312
Section XX. Adoptionist Heresy — Predestmarianism 316
Section XXI. The Greek Schism 318
Section XXII. Eighth Ecumenical Council — Revival of the Greek Schism by Michael Cerularius 322
Section XXIII. Controversy on the Holy Eucharist — Heresy of Berengarius 324
CHAPTER V.
CONSTITUTION AND DISCIPLINE.
Section XXIV. The Church in Her Relation to the State — Supremacy of the Popes 326
Section XXV. Ecclesiastical Legislation — False Decretals 329
Section XXVI. The Clergy and Religious Orders 331
SECOND EPOCH.
FROM THE GREEK SCHISM TO THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXIEENTH CENTURY,
OR,
FROM A. D. 1054 TO A. D. 1500.
Introductory Remarks
CHAPTER I.
PROPAGATION OF CHRISTIANITY.
Section XXVII. Progress of Christianity in Northern Europe 336
Section XXVIII. Missions to the Heathen and Mohammedans in Asia and Africa 339
Section XXIX. The First Crusade under Godfrey of Bouillon — The Kingdom of Jerusalem 341
Section XXX. The Crusades — Continued 344
CHAPTER II.
RELATION OF THE PAPACY TO THE EMPIRE.
Section XXXI. State of the Church in the Eleventh Century 349
Section XXXII. Predecessors of Gregory VII. 353
Section XXXIII. Pontificate of Gregory VII. 353
Section XXXIV. Gregory VII.'s Conflict with Henry IV. 359
Section XXXV. The Conflict with Henry IV. — Continued. 362
Section XXXVI. Successors of Gregory VII. — Contest of Investitures 366
Section XXXVII. From the Accession of Honorius II. to the Election of Hadrian IV. 371
Section XXXVIII. Conflict of Frederick I. with the Church. — Hadrian IV. and Alexander III. 374
Section XXXIX. Pontificate of Innocent III. 378
Section XL. Successors of Innocent III. — Conflict of Frederick II. with the Church 381
Section XLI. Innocent IV. and His Successors. — Thirteenth General Council — Fall of the Hohenstaufens 384
Section XLII. Gregory X. — Fourteenth General Council — Successors of Gregory X. 386
Section XLIII. The Church in France 389
Section XLIV. Boniface VII. and Philip the Fair of France 398
Section XLV. Translation of the Holy See to Avignon — Popes Benedict XI. and Clement V. 399
Section XLVI. John XXH. and His Successors at Avignon 402
Section XLVII. The Schism of the West, or the Great Papal Schism 406
Section XLVIII. The Schism of the West, or the Great Papal Schism, Continued — Schismatical Council of Pisa 409
Section XLIX. Council of Constance — Close of the Schism 419
Section L. Popes Martin V. and Eugenius IV. — Council of Basle 416
Section LI. Seventeenth Ecumenical, or Council of Ferrara and Florence — Reunion of the Greek and other Eastern Churches 420
Section LII. The Concordats under Eugenius IV. — Nicholas V. — His Successors 423
Section LIII. The Last Popes of this Period — Fifth Late ran Council 427
Section LIV. The Church in England under the Norman Kings 481
Section LV. The .Church in England, Continued — Conflict of St. Thomas A Becket with Henry II. 484
Section LII. The Church in England, Continued — Conflict of John, surnamed Lackland, with the Church 488
Section LVII. The Church in Ireland 442
Section LVIII. The Church in Ireland, Continued 444
Section LIX. The Church in Scotland 447
CHAPTER III.
CATHOLIC SCIENCE AND LITERATURE.
Section LX. Foundation of Universities 450
Section LXI. Scholastic and Mystical Theology 453
Section LXII. St. Anselm — St. Bernard — Peter Lombard 455
Section LXIII. Alexander of Hales — Albertus Magnus — St Thomas of Aquin — St. Bonaventure — Duns Scotus 458
CHAPTER IV.
HERESIES.
Section LXIV. Minor Sects 462
Section LXV. The New Manicheans — Catharists — Albigenses 466
Section LXVI. The Punishment of Heresy — The Spanish Inquisition 469
Section LXVII. John Wycliffe — The Lollards 478
Section LXVIII. John Huss — The Hussite War 477
CHAPTER V.
CONSTITUTION AND DISCIPLINE.
Section LXIX. Religious Life 481
Section LXX. Ecclesiastical Legislation — Penitential Discipline — Study and Versions of the Bible 485
Section LXXI. New Religious Orders 488
Section LXXII. The Mendicant Orders 490
Section LXXIII. The Military Orders — Other Religious Congregations 494
THIRD PERIOD.
MODERN CHURCH HISTORY.
FROM THE BEGIN NINO OF THE SIXIEENTH CENTURY TO THE ECUMENICAL COUNCIL OF THE VATICAN, OR,
FROM A. D. 1500 TO A. D. 1870.
FIRST EPOCH.
FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXIEENTH CENTURY TO THE MIDDLE OF THE SEVENTEENTH. OR,
FROM A. D. 1500 TO A. D. 1650.
Introductory Remarks.
CHAPTER I.
PROPAGATION OF CHRISTIANITY.
Section I. Missions to the Heathen in Asia — St. Francis Xavier 501
Section II. The Successors of St. Francis Xavier — Christianity in China and the adjacent Countries 504
Section III. Missions in the West Indies 507
Section IV. Missions in Mexico and South America 510
Section V. Missions in South America — Continued 515
Section VI. Missions in North America — the United States 510
Section VII. Missions in Canada and North-Western United States 590
CHAPTER II.
RISE AND PROGRESS Of PROTESTANTISM.
I. THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY.
Section VIII. Martin Luther — His Theses against Indulgences 505
Section IX. Disputation at Leipzig — Luther's Condemnation 580
Section X. The Diet of Worms — Luther's Religious System 588
Section XI. Disturbances and Insurrections of the Lutherans — Organization of the Lutheran Church 586
Section XII. Progress of Protestantism in Germany — Events from A. D. 1580 to A. D. 1555 541
II. THE REFORMATION IN SWITEERLAND.
Section XIII. The Zwinglian Movement 545
Section XIV. The Calvinistic Movement 549
III. THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND.
Section XV. Henry VIII. (1509-1547) — The Divorce Question 558
Section XVI. Henry VIII. Continued — Establishment of Royal Supremacy 557
Section XVII. Victims of Royal Supremacy — Enforced Dissolution of Monasteries 561
Section XVIII. Introduction of Protestantism under Edward VI. (1548-1558) 566
Section XIX. The Restoration under Queen Mary (A. D. 1558-1558) 570
Section XX. Revival of Protestantism under Elizabeth — The New Church "By Law Established" 574
Section XXI. The Sufferings of the English Catholics under Elizabeth 578
Section XXII. The Condition of the Catholics under the First Stuarts 589
IV. THE REFORMATION IN SCOTLAND AND IRELAND.
Section XXIII. Protestantism in Scotland — John Knox 587
Section XXIV. Establishment of the Scottish "Kirk" 590
Section XXV. Futile Attempts of the Reformers in Ireland 594
V. THE REFORMATION IN FRANCE AND NORTHERN EUROPE.
Section XXVI. Protestantism in France — The Huguenots 600
Section XXVII. Protestantism in the Netherlands aud the Scandinavian Kingdoms 605
Section XXVIII. Minor Protestant Sects 609
Section XXIX. Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation 610
CHAPTER III.
HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.
Section XXX. The Council of Trent 616
Section XXXI. The Other Popes of this Epoch 620
Section XXXII. New Religious Orders 623
Section XXXIII. Theological Controversies 626
Section XXXIV. Theological Science and Religious Life 629
SECOND EPOCH.
FROM THE MIDDLE OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY TO THE COUNCIL OF THE VATICAN,
OR,
FROM A. D. 1650 TO A. D. 1870.
Introductory Remarks.
CHAPTER I.
PROPAGATION OF CHRISTIANITY.
Section XXXV. Missions to the Heathen in Asia and Africa 635
Section XXXVI. Present State of the Eastern and other Foreign Missions 638
Section XXXVII. Present State of the Greek and other Schismatic Churches 641
Section XXXVIII. Missions to the Schiswatical Sects of the East 645
CHAPTER II.
HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.
I. THE PAPACY.
Section XXXIX. Alexander VII. and His Successors 648
Section XL. Pontificates of Clement XIH. and Clement XIV. — Suppression of the Jesuits 651
Section XLI. Pontificate of Pius V. — Josephism — The French Revolution 655
Section XLII. Pius VII. — His Successors 659
Section XLIII. Pius IX. 665
Section XLIV. Council of the Vatican 668
II. THE CHURCH IN EUROPE.
Section XLV. The Church in France 672
Section XLVI. The Church in Spain and Portugal 675
Section XLVII. The Church in Belgium, Holland, and the Scandinavian North 678
Section XLVIII. The Church in Austria and Bavaria 680
Section XLIX. The Church in Switzerland and Protestant Germany 685
Section L. Oppression of the Catholics in Prussia and Switzerland — The "Kulturkampf." 690
Section LI. The Church in England 696
Section LII. The Church in Scotland 702
Section LIII. The Church in Ireland 705
Section LIV. The Church in Russia and Poland 711
III. THE CHURCH IN AMERICA AND AUSTRALIA.
Section LV. The Church in British North America 714
Section LVI. The Church in the United States — Colonial Period 717
Section LVII. The Church in the United States, Continued 722
Section LVIII. The Church in Mexico and South America 729
Section LIX. The Church in Australia 788
CHAPTER III.
SCHISMS AND SECTS.
Section LX. Controversies and Heresies 787
Section LXI. New Protestant Sects 741
CHAPTER IV.
CATHOLIC SCIENCE AND LITERATURE.
Section LXII. The Theological Sciences — Distinguished Scholars and Writers 746
CHAPTER V.
RELIGIOUS LIFE.
Section LXIII. Famous Saints of this Epoch — New Religious Orders 750
Conclusion 752
List of the Roman Pontiffs 755
General Index 759
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.
I. List of Roman Pontiffs 757
II. List of Ecumenical Councils 760
III. Roman Emperors 762
IV. East Roman Emperors 762
V. Emperors and Kings of Germany 762
VI. Emperors of Austria 768
VII. Kings of Prussia 763
VIII. Kings of France 768
IX. Kings and Queens of England 764
X. Principal Rulers of Spain 765
XI. Chronological Index 766
General Index 780
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| May 23, 2020 | Edited by CoverBot | Added new cover |
| February 23, 2016 | Edited by ww2archive | added toc |
| February 22, 2016 | Edited by ww2archive | added edition |
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