This book is the second edition of the author's history of modern China. The new discussions in this revision include the extension of imperial power into central Asia by the eighteenth century emperors, women's literacy and education in the Qing, the early development of Chinese nationalism, the roots of Chinese communism and alternatives to Mao, the early stages of the Great Leap Forward and of the Cultural Revolution. Also, there is a new chapter at the end of the book on economic, cultural, and political developments since 1989.