An edition of The lives and opinions of eminent philosophers
(1853)
The lives and opinions of eminent philosophers
by Diogenes Laertius
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The Lives And Opinions Of Eminent Philosophers
July 25, 2007, Kessinger Publishing, LLC
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The Lives And Opinions Of Eminent Philosophers
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Book Details
Table of Contents
Lives And Opinions Of Eminent Philosophers.
By Hicks
PREFACE.
DIOGENES, the author of the following work, was a native (as is generally believed) of Laerte, in Cilicia, from which circumstance he derived the cognomen of Laertius. Little is known of him personally, nor is even the age in which he lived very clearly ascertained. But as Plutarch, Sextus Empiricus, and Saturninus are among the writers whom he quotes, he is generally believed to have lived near the end of the second century of our era : although some place him in the time of Alexander Severus, and others as late as Constantine. His work consists of ten books, variously called : The Lives of Philosophers, A History of Philosophy, and The Lives of Sophists. From internal evidence (iii. 47, 29), we learu that he wrote it for a noble lady (according to some,
Arria ; according to others, Julia, the Empress of Severus), who occupied herself with the study of philosophy, and especially of Plato.
Diogenes Laertius divides the philosophy of the Greeks into the Ionic, beginning with Anaximander, and ending with Theophrastus (in which class, he includes the Socratic philosophy and all its various ramifications) ; and the Italian, beginning with Pythagoras, and ending with Epicurus, in which he includes the Eleatics, as also Heraclitus and the Sceptics. From the minute consideration which he devotes to Epicurus and his system, it has been supposed that he himself belonged to that school.
His work is the chief source of information we possess concerning the history of Greek philosophy, and is the foundation of nearly all the modern treatises on that subject ; some of the most important of which are little more than translations or amplifications of it. It is valuable, as containing a copious collection of anecdotes illustrative of the life and manners of the Greeks ; but he has not always been very careful in his selection, and in some parts there is a confusion in his statements that makes them scarcely intelligible. These faults have led some critics to consider the work as it now exists merely a mutilated abridgment of the original. Breslseus, who in the thirteenth century, wrote a Treatise on the Lives and Manners of the Philosophers, quotes many anecdotes and sayings, which seem to be derived from Diogenes, but which are not to be found in our present text ; whence Schneider concludes that he had a very different and far more complete copy than has come down to us.
The text used in the following translation is chiefly that of Huebner, as published at Leipsic, A.D. 1828.
BOOK I.
INTRODUCTION.
I.
SOME say that the study of philosophy originated with the barbarians. In that among the Persians there existed the Magi,* and among the Babylonians or Assyrians the Chaldaei, among the Indians the Gymnosophistse, and among the Celts and Gauls men who were called Druids and
"The religion of the ancient Persians was the worship of fire or of the elements, in which fire was symbolical of the Deity. At a later period, hi the time of the Greeks, the ancient worship was changed into the adoration of the stars (Sabeism), especially of the sun and of the morning star. This religion was distinguished by a simple and majestic
character. Its priests were called Magi." Ttnneman's Manual of the History of Philosophy, Introd. 70."
The Chaldeans were devoted to the worship of the stars and to astrology ; the nature of their climate and country disposing them to it. The worship of the stars was revived by them and widely disseminated even subsequently to the Christian era."
" Cicero speaks of those who in India are accounted philosophers, living naked and enduring the greatest severity of winter without betraying any feeling of pain, and displaying the same insensibility when exposed to the flames." Tusc. Qucest. v. 27.
"The religion of the Britons was one of the most considerable parts of their government, and the Druids who were their priests, possessed great authority among them. Besides ministering at the altar, and directing all religious duties, they presided over the education of youth ; they possessed both the civil and criminal jurisdiction, they decided all controversies among states as well as among private persons, and whoever refused to submit to their decree was exposed to the most severe penalties. The sentence of excommunication was pronounced Semnothei. as Aristotle relates in his book on Magic, and Sotion in the twenty-third book of Ins Succession of Philosophers. Besides those men there were the Phrenician Ochus, the Thracian Zamolxis,* and the Libyan Atlas. For the against him ; he was forbidden access to the sacrifices of public worship; he was debarred all intercourse with his fellow citizens even in the common affairs of life : his company was universally shunned as profane and dangerous, he was refused the protection of law, and death itself became an acceptable relief from the misery and infamy to which he was exposed. Thus the bonds of government, which were naturally loose among that rude and turbulent people, were happily corroborated by the terrors of their superstition.
"No species of superstition was ever more terrible than that of the Druids ; besides the several penalties which it was in the power of the ecclesiastics to inflict in this world, they inculcated the eternal transmigration of souls, and thereby extended their authority as far as the fears of their timorous votaries. They practised their rites in dark groves or other secret recesses, and in order to throw a greater mystery over their religion, they communicated their doctrines only to the initiated, and strictly forbade the committing of them to writing, lest they should at any time be exposed to the examination of the profane and vulgar. Human sacrifices were practised among them; the spoils of war were often devoted to their divinities, and they punished with the severest tortures whoever dared to secrete any part of the consecrated offering. These treasures they kept secreted in woods and forests, secured by no other guard than the terrrors of their religion ; and their steady conquest over human avidity may be regarded as more signal than their prompting men to the most extraordinary and most violent efforts. No idolatrous worship ever attained such an ascendant over mankind as that of the ancient Gauls and Britons. And the Romans after their conquest, finding it impossible to reconcile those nations to the laws and institutions of their masters while it maintained its authority, were at last obliged to abolish it by penal statutes, a violence which had never in any other instance been resorted to by those tolerating conquerors." Hume's History of England, chap. 1. 1.
Zamolxis, or Zalmoxis, so called from the bear-skin in which he was wrapped as soon as he was born, was a Getan, and a slave of Pythagoras at Samos ; having been emancipated by his master, he travelled into Egypt ; and on his return to his own country he introduced the Laetis which he had acquired in his travels on the subject of civilisation, religion, and the immortality of the soul. He was made priest of the chief deity among the Getae, and was afterwards himself worshipped as a divine person. He was said to have lived in a subterraneous cavern for three years, and after that to have re-appeared among his countrymen. Herodotus, however, who records these stories, expresses his disbelief of them, placing him before the time of Pythagoras by many years, and seems to incline to the belief that without an indigenous Getaii deity.
Egyptians say that Vulcan was the son of Nilus, and that he was the author of philosophy, in which those who were especially eminent were called his priests and prophets.
II.
From his age to that of Alexander, king of the Macedonians were forty-eight thousand eight hundred and sixty-three years, and during this time there were three hundred and seventy-three eclipses of the sun, and eight hundred and thirty two eclipses of the moon.
Again, from the time of the Magi, the first of whom is Zoroaster the Persian, to that of the fall of Troy, Hermodorus the Platonic philosopher, in his treatise on Mathematics, calculates that fifteen thousand years elapsed. But Xanthus the Lydian says that the passage of the Hellespont by Xerxes took place six thousand years after the time of
Zoroaster,* and that after him there was a regular succession
" The real time of Zoroaster is, as may be supposed, very certain, but he is said by some eminent writers to have lived in the time of Darius Hystaspes ; though others, apparently on better gr-'Uuds, place him at a very far earlier date. He is not mentioned by Herodotus at all. His native country too is very uncertain. Some writers, among whom are Cteaias and Ammian, call him a Bactrian, while Porphyry speaks of him as a Chaldacan, and Pliny as a native of Proconnesus ; Niebuhr considers him a purely mythical personage. Toe great and fundamental article of the system (of the Persum theology) was the celebrated doctrine of the two principles ; a bold and injudicious attempt of Eastern philosophy to reconcile the existence of moral and physical evil with the attributes of a beneficent Creator and governor of the world. The first and original being, in whom, or by whom the universe exists, is denominated, in the writings of Zoroaster, Time without bounds. .... From either the blind or the intelligent operation of this infinite Time, which bears but too near an affinity to the Chaos of the Greeks, the two secondary but active principles of the universe were from all eternity produced ; Ormusd and Ahriman, each of them possessed of the powers of creation, but each disposed by his invariable nature to exercise them with different designs ; the principle of good is eternally absorbed in light, the principle of evil is eternally buried in darkness. The wise benevolence of Ormusd formed man capable of virtue, and abundantly provided his fair habitation with the materials of happiness. By his vigilant providence the motion of the planets, the order of the seasons, and the temperate mixture of the elements are preserved. But the maker of Ahriman has long since pierced Ormusd's Egg, or in other words, has violated the harmony of his works. Since that fatal irruption, the most minute articles of good and evil are intimately intermingled and agitated together ; the rankest poisons spring up among the most salutary plants ; deluges, earthquakes, and conflagrations attest the conflict of Magi under the names of Ostanes and Astrnmpsychos and GoUryas and Pazatas. until the destruction of the Persian
empire by Alexander.
III.
But those who say this, ignorantly impute to the barbarians the merits of the Greeks, from whom not only all philosophy, but even the -whole human race in reality originated. For MUSJBUS was horn among the Athenians, and Linus among the Thebaus ; and they say that the former, who was the son of Eumolpus, was the first person who taught the system of the genealogy of the gods, and who invented the spheres ; and that he taught that all things originated in one thing, and when dissolved returned to that same thing; and that he died at Phalerum, and that this epitaph was inscribed on his tomb: Fhalerum's soil beneath this tomb contains Musseus dead, Eumolpus' darling son.
And it is from the father of Musseus that the family called Eumolpidse among the Athenians derive their name. They say too that Linus was the son of Mercury and the Muse Urania; and that he invented a system of Cosmogony, and of the motions of the sun and moon, and of the generation of animals and fruits ; and the following is the beginning of his poem,
There was a time when all the present world
Uprose at once.
From which Anaxagoras derived his theory, when he said that nature, and the little world of man is perpetually shaken by vice and misfortune. While the rest of mankind are led away captives in the chains of their infemal enemy, the faithful Persian alone reserves his religious adoration for his friend and protector Ormusd, and fights under his banner of light, in the full confidence that he shall, in the last day, share the glory of his triumph. At that decisive period, the enlightened wisdom of goodness will render the power of Ormusd STiperior to the furious malice of his rival ; Ahriman and his followers, disarmed and subdued, will sink into their native darkness, and virtue
will maintain the eternal peace and harmony of the universe. . . . . . As a let::.-l.itor, Zoroaster " discovered a liberal concern for the public and private happiness seldom to be found among the visionary schemes of superstition. Fasting and celibacy, the common means of purchasing the divine favour, he condemns with abhorrence, as a criminal rejection of the best gifts of Providence." Gibbon, Dedint and Fall of (fit; Roman Empire, all things had been produced at the same time, and that then intellect had come and arranged them all in order.
They say, moreover, that Linus died in Eubcea, having been shot with an arrow by Apollo, and that this epitaph was set over him :
The Theban Linus sleeps beneath this ground,
Urania's son with fairest garlands crown'd.
IV.
And thus did philosophy arise among the Greeks, and indeed its very name shows that it has no connection with the barbarians. But those who attribute its origin to them, introduce Orpheus the Thracian, and say that he was a philosopher, and the most ancient one of all. But if one ought to call a man who has said such things about the gods as he was said, a philosopher, I do not know what name one ought to give to him who has not scrupled to attribute all sorts of human feelings to the gods, and even such discreditable actions as are but rarely spoken of among men ; and tradition relates that he was murdered by women ; * but there is an inscription at Dium in Macedonia, saying that he was killed by lightning, and it runs thus :
Here the bard buried by the Muses lies,
The Thracian Orpheus of the golden lyre ;
Whom mighty Jove, the Sovereign of the skies,
Removed from earth by his dread lightn'ng's fire.
V.
But they who say that philosophy had its rise among the barbarians, give also an account of the different systems prevailing among the various tribes. And they say that the Gymnosophists and the Druids philosophize, delivering their apophthegmns in enigmatical language, bidding men worship the gods and do no evil, and practise manly virtue.
This is the account given by Virgil
Sprette Ciconum quo munere matres
Inter sacra Deum nocturnique orgia Bacchi,
Discerptum latos juvenem aparsere per agros. GEORQ.iv.52d
Dryden translates
The Thracian matrons who the yoiith accus'd,
Of love disdain'd and marriage rites refus'd ;
With furies and nocturnal orgies fir'd,
At length against his sacred life eonspir d ;
Whom ev'n the savage beasts had spar'd they kill'd,
And strew'd his mangled limbs about the field.
VI.
Accordingly Clitarchus, in his twelfth book, says that the Gymnosophists despise death, and that the Chaldseans study astronomy and the science of soothsaying that the Magi occupy themselves about the service to he paid to the gods, and about sacrifices and prayers, as if they were the only people to whom the deities listen : and that they deliver accounts of the existence and generation of the gods, saying that they are fire, and earth, and water ; and they condemn the use of images, and above all things do they condemn those who say that the gods are male and female ; they speak much of justice, and think it impious to destroy the bodies of the dead by fire ; they allow men to many their mothers or their daughters, as Sotion tells us in his twenty-third book ; they stucy the arts of soothsaying and divination, and assert that the gods reveal their will to them by those sciences. They teach also that the air is full of phantoms, which, by emanation and a sort of evaporation, glide into the sight of those who have a clear perception ; they forbid any extravagance of ornament, and the use of gold ; their garments are white, their beds are made of leaves, and vegetables are their food, with cheese and coarse bread ; they use a rush for a staff, the top of which they run into the cheese, and so taking up a piece of it they eat it. Of all kinds of magical divination they are ignorant, as Aristotle asserts in his book on Magic, and Dinon in the fifth book of his Histories.
And this writer says, that the name of Zoroaster being interpreted means, a sacrifice to the stars ; and Hermodorus makes the same statement. But Aristotle, in the first book of his Treatise on Philosophy, says, that the Magi are more ancient than the Egyptians ; and that according to them there are two principles, a good demon and an evil demon, and that the name of the one is Jupiter or Oromasdes, and that of the other Pluto or Arimanius. And Hermippus gives the same account in the first book of his History of the Magi ; and so does Eudoxus in his Period ; and so does Theopompus in the eighth hook of his History of the Affairs of Philip ; and this last writer tells us also, that according to the Magi men will have a resurrection and be immortal, and that what exists now will exist hereafter under its own present name ; and Eudemus of Pihodes coincides in this statement. But Hecataeus says, that according to their doctrines the gods also are beings who have been born. But Clearchus the Soleusian, in his Treatise 0n Education says, that the Gymriosophists are descendants of the Magi ; and some say that the Jews also are derived from them.
Moreover, those who have written on the subject of the Magi condemn Herodotus ; for they say that Xerxes would never have shot arrows against the sun, or have put fetters on the sea, as both sun and sea have been handed down by the Magi as gods, but that it was quite consistent for Xerxes to destroy the images of the gods.
VII.
The following is the account that authors give of the philosophy of the Egyptians, as bearing 011 the gods and on justice. They say that the first principle is matter ; then that the four elements were formed out of matter and divided, and that some animals were created, and that the sun and moon are gods, of whom the former is called Osiris and the latter Isis, and they are symbolised under the names of beetles and dragons, and hawks, and other animals, as Manetho tells us in his abridged account of Natural Philosophy, and Hecataeus confirms the statement in the first book of his History of the Philosophy of the Egyptians. They also make images of the gods, and assign them temples because they do not know the form of God. They consider that the world had a beginning and will have an end, and that it is a sphere ; they think that the stars are fire, and that it is by a combination of them that the things on earth are generated ; that the moon is eclipsed when it falls into the shadow of the earth ; that the soul is eternal and migratory ; that rain is caused by the changes of the atmosphere ; and they enter into other speculations on points of natural history, as Hecatseus and Aristagoras inform us.
They also have made laws about justice, which they attribute to Mercury, and they consider those animals which are useful to be gods. They claim to themselves the merit of having been the inventors of geometry, and astrology, and arithmetic.
So much then for the subject of invention.
VIII.
But Pythagoras was the first person who invented the term Philosophy, and who called himself a philosopher ; when he was conversing at Sicyon with Leon, who was tyrant of the Sicyonians or of the Phliasians (as Heraclides Ponticus relates in the book which he wrote about a dead woman) ; for he said that no man ought to be called wise, but only God. For formerly what is now called philosophy (p/Xoffop/a) was called wisdom, and they who professed it were called wise men, as being endowed with great acuteness and accuracy of mind ; but nosv he who embraces wisdom is called a philosopher.
But the wise men were also called Sophists. And not only they, but poets also were called Sophists : as Cratinus in his Archilochi calls Homer and Hesiod, while praising them
highly.
IX.
Now these were they who were accounted wise men.
Thales, Solon, Periander, Cleobulus, Chilo, Bias, Pittacus. To these men add Anacharsis the Scythian, Myson the Clieueau, Pherecydes the Syrian, and Epimenides the Cretan ; and some add, Pisistratus, the tyrant : These then are they who were called the wise men.
X.
But of Philosophy there arose two schools. One derived from Anaximander, the other from Pythagoras. Now, Thales had been the preceptor of Anaximander. and Pherecydes of Pythagoras. And the one school was called the Ionian, because Thales, being an Ionian (for he was a native of Miletus), had been the tutor of Anaximander; but the other was called the Italian from Pythagoras, because he spent the chief part of his life in Italy. And the Ionic school ends with Clitomachus, and Chrysippus, and Theophrastus ; and the Italian one with Epicurus ; for Anaximander succeeded Thales, and he was succeeded again by Anaximenes, and he by Anaxagoras, and he by Archelaus, who was the master of Socrates, who was the originator of moral philosophy. And he was the master of the sect of the Socratic philosophers, and of Plato, who was the founder of the old Academy ; and Plato's pupils were Speusippus and Xenocrates ; and Polemo was the pupil of Xenocrates, and Grantor and Crates of Polemo. Crates again was the master of Arcesilaus, the founder of the Middle Academy, and his pupil was Lacydes, who gave the new Academy its distinctive principles. His pupil was Carueades, and he in his turn was the master of Clitomachus. And this school ends in this way with Clitomachus and Chrysippus.
Antisthenes was the pupil of Socrates, and the master of Diogenes the Cynic ; and the pupil of Diogenes was Crates the Theban: Zeno the Cittiaean was his; Cleanthes was his; Chrysippus was his. Again it ei?ds with Theophrastus in the following manner:
Aristotle was the pupil of Plato, Theoplirastus the pupil of Aristotle ; and in this way the Ionian school comes to an end.
Now the Italian school was carried on in this way, Pythagoras was the pupil of Pherecycles ; his pupil was Telauges his son ; he was the master of Xenophanes, and he of Parmenides ; Parmenides of Zeno the Eleatic, he of Leucippus, he of Democritus : Democritus had many disciples, the most eminent of whom were Nausiphanes and Nausicydes, and they were the masters of Epicurus.
XI.
Now, of Philosophers some were dogmatic, and others were inclined to suspend their opinions. By dogmatic, I mean those who explain their opinions about matters, as if they could be comprehended. By those who suspend their opinions, I mean those who give no positive judgment, thinking that these things cannot be comprehended. And the former class have left many memorials of themselves; but the others have never written a line; as for instance, according to some people, Socrates, and Stilpo, and Philippus, and Menedemus, and Pyrrho, and Theodoras, and Carneades, and Bryson ; and, as some people say, Pythagoras, find Aristo of Chios, except that he wrote a few letters. There are some men too who have written one work only, Melissus, Parmenides. and Anaxagoras ; but Zeno wrote many works, Xenophanes still more ; Democritus more, Aristotle more,
Epicurus more, and Chrysippus more.
XII.
Again, of philosophers some derived a surname from cities, as, the Elians, and Megan c sect, the Eretrians, and the Cyrenaics. Some from the places which they frequented, as the Academics and Stoics. Some from accidental circumstances, as the Peripatetics; or, from jests, as the Cynics.
Some again from their dispositions, as the Eudremonics; some from an opinion, as the Elenctic, and Analogical schools.
Some from their masters, as the Socratic and Epicurean philosophers ; and so on. The Natural Philosophers were so-called from their study of nature ; the Ethical philosophers from their investigation of questions of morals.
The Dialecticians are they who devote themselves to quibbling on words.
XIII.
Now there are three divisions of philosophy. Natural, Ethical, and Dialectic. Natural philosophy occupies itself about the world and the things in it ; Ethical philosophy about life, and the things which concern us ; Dialectics are conversant with the arguments by which both the others are supported.
Natural philosophy prevailed till the time of Archelaus; but after the time of Socrates, Ethical philosophy was predominant ; and after the time of Zeno the Eleatic, Dialectic philosophy got the upper hand.
Ethical philosophy was subdivided into ten sects ; the Academic, the Cyrenaic, the Elian, the Megaric, the Cynic, the Eretrian, the Dialectic, the Peripatetic, the Stoic, arid the Epicurean. Of the old Academic school Plato was the president ; of the middle, Arcesilaus ; and of the New, Lacydes : the Cyrenaic school was founded by Aristippus the Cyrenian ; the Elian, by Phaedo, of Elis ; the Megaric, by Euclid, of Megara; the Cynic, by Antisthenes, the Athenian; the Eretrian, by Menedemus, of Eretria ; the Dialectic by Clitomachus, the Carthaginian ; the Peripatetic, by Aristotle, the Stagirite ; the Stoic, by Zeno, the Cittiaean ; the Epicurean school derives its name from Epicurus, its founder.
But Hippobotus, in his Treatise on Sects, says that there are nine sects and schools : first, the Megaric ; secondly, the Eretrian ; thirdly, the Cyrenaic ; fourthly, the Epicurean; fifthly, the Annicerean ; sixthly, the Theodorean ; seventhly, the sect of Zeuo and the Stoics ; eighthly, that of the Old Academy ; and ninthly, the Peripatetic ; not counting either the Cynic, or the Elkc, or the Dialectic school. That also which is called the Pyhrronean is repudiated by many writers, on account of the obscurity of its principles. But others consider that in some particulars it is a distinct sect, and in others not. For it does appear to be a sect for what we call a sect, say they, is one which follows, or appears to follow, a principle which appears to it to be the true one ; on which principle we correctly call the Sceptics a sect. But if by the name sect we understand those who incline to rules which are consistent with the principles which they profess, then the Pyrrhonean cannot be called a sect, for they have no rules or principles.
These, then, are the beginnings, these are the successive masters, these are the divisions, and schools of philosophy.
XIV. Moreover, it is not long ago, that a new Eclectic school was set up by Potauio, of Alexandria, who picked out of the doctrines of each school what pleased him most. And as he himself says, in his Elementary Instruction, he thinks that there are certain criteria of truth : first of all the faculty which judges, and this is the superior one ; the other that which is the foundation of the judgment, being a most exact appearance of the objects. And the first principles of everything he calls matter, and the agent, and the quality, and the place. For they show out of what, and by what, and how, and where anything is done. The end is that to which everything is referred ; namely, a life made perfect with every virtue, not without the natural and external qualities of the body.
But we must now speak of the men themselves ; and first of all about Thales.
LIFE OF THALES.
I.
THALES, then, as Herodotus and Duns and Democritus say, was the son of Euxamius and Cleobule ; of the family of the Thelidse, who are Phoenicians by descent, among the most noble of all the descendants of Cadmus and Agenor, as Plato testifies. And he was the first man to whom the name of Wise was given, when Damasius was Archon at Athens, in whose time also the seven wise men had that title given tc them, as Demetrius Phalereus records in his Catalogue of the Archons. He was enrolled as a citizen at Miletus when he came thither with Xeleus, who had been banished from Phoenicia ; but a more common statement is that he was a native Milesian, of noble extraction.
II.
After having been immersed in state affairs he applied himself to speculations in natural philosophy ; though, as some people state, he left no writings behind him.
For the book on Naval Astronomy, which is attributed to him is said in reality to be the work of Focus the Samian. But Callimachus was aware that he was the discoverer of the Lesser Bear ; for in his Iambics he speaks of him thus :
And, he, 'tis said, did first compute the stars
Which beam in Charles's wain, and guide the bark
Of the Phoenician sailor o'er the sea.
According to others he wrote two books, and no more, about the solstice and the equinox ; thinking that everything else was easily to be comprehended. According to other statements, he is said to have been the first who studied astronomy, and who foretold the eclipses and motions of the sun, as Eudemus relates in his history of the discoveries made in astronomy ; on which account Xenophanes and Herodotus praise him greatly ; and Heraclitus and Democritus confirm this statement.
III.
Some again (one of whom is Chaerilus the poet say that he was the first person who affirmed that the souls of men were immortal ; and he was the first person, too, who discovered the path of the sun from one end of the ecliptic to the other ; and who, as one account tells us, defined the magnitude of the sun as being seven hundred and twenty times as great as that of the moon. He was also the first person who called the last day of the month the thirtieth.
And likewise the first to converse about natural philosophy, as some say. But Aristotle and Hippias say that he attributed souls also to lifeless things, forming his conjecture from the nature of the magnet, and of amber. And Pamphile relates that he, having learnt geometry from the Egyptians, was the first person to describe a right-angled triangle in a circle, and that he sacrificed an ox in honour of his discovery. But others, among whom is Apollodorus the calculator, say that it was Pythagoras who made this discovery. It was Thales also who carried to their greatest point of advancement the discoveries which Callimachus in his iambics says were first made by Euphebus the Phrygian, such as those of the scalene angle, and of the triangle, and of other things which relate to investigations about lines. He seems also to have been a man of the greatest wisdom in political matters. For when Croesus sent to the Milesians to invite them to an alliance, he prevented them from agreeing to it, which step of his, as Cyrus got the victory, proved the salvation of the city. But Clytus relates, as Heraclides assures us, that he was attached to a solitary and recluse life.
IV.
Some assert that he was married, and that he had a son named Cibissus ; others, on the contrary, say that he never had a wife, but that he adopted the son of his sister ; and that once being asked why he did not himself become a father, he answered, that it was because he was fond of children. They say, too, that when his mother exhorted him to marry, he said, " No, by Jove, it is not yet time." And afterwards, when he was past his youth, and she was again pressing him earnestly, he said, " It is no longer time."
V.
Hieronymus, of Pihodes, also tells us, in the second book of his Miscellaneous Memoranda, that when he was desirous to show that it was easy to get rich, he, foreseeing that there would be a great crop of olives, took some large plantations of olive trees, and so made a great deal of money.
VI.
He asserted water to be the principle of all things, and that the world had life, and was full of daemons : they say, too, that he was the original defiuer of the seasons of the year, and that it was he who divided the year into three hundred and sixty-five days. And he never had any teacher except during the time that he went to Egypt, and associated with the priests. Hieronymus also says that he measured the Pyramids : watching their shadow, and calculating when they were of the same size as that was. He lived with Thrasybulus the tyrant of Miletus, as we are informed by Minyas.
VII.
Now it is known to every one what happened with respect to the tripod that was found by the fishermen and sent to the wise men by the people of the Milesians. For they say that some Ionian youths bought a cast of their net from some Milesian fishermen. And when the tripod was drawn up in the net there was a dispute about it; until the Milesians sent to Delphi : and the God gave them the following answer :
You ask about the tripod, to whom you shall present it ;
' Tia for the wisest, I reply, that fortune surely meant it.
Accordingly they gave it to Thales, and he gave it to some one, who again handed it over to another, till it came to Solon. But he said that it was the God himself who was the first in wisdom ; and so he sent it to Delphi. But Callimachus gives a different account of this in his Iambics, taking the tradition which he mentions from Leander the Milesian ; for he says that a certain Arcadian of the name of Bathydes, when dying, left a goblet behind him with an injunction that it should be given to the first of the wise men. And it was given to Thales, and went the whole circle till it came back to Thales, on which he sent it to Apollo Didymaeus, adding (according to Callimachus,) the following distich :
Thales, who's twice received me as a prize, Gives me to him who rules the race of Neleus.
And the prose inscription runs thus
Thales the son of Examius, a Milesian, offers this to Apollo Dilymams, having twice received it from the Greeks as the reward for virtue.
And the name of the son of Bathydes who carried the goblet about from one to the other, was Thyrion, as Eleusis tells us in his History of Achilles. And Alexander the Myndiau agrees with him in the ninth book of his Traditions. But Eudoxus of Cnidos, and Evanthes of Miletus, say that one of the friends of Croesus received from the king a golden goblet, for the purpose of giving it to the wisest of the Greeks ; and that he gave it to Thales, and that it came round to Chilo, and that he inquired of the God at Delphi who was wiser than himself; and that the God replied, Myson, whom we shall mention hereafter. (He is the man whom Eudoxus places among the seven wise men instead of Cleobulus ; but Plato inserts his name instead of Periander.) The God accordingly made this reply concerning him :
I say that Myson, the Aetoean sage,
The citizen of Chen, is wiser far
In his deep mind than you.
The person who went to the temple to ask the question was Anacharsis ; but again Daedacus, the Platonic philosopher, and Clearchus, state that the goblet was sent by Croesus to Pittacus, and so was carried round to the different men.
But Andron, in his book called The Tripod, says that the Argives offered the tripod as a prize for excellence to the wisest of the Greeks ; and that Aristodemus, a Spartan, was judged to deserve it, but that he yielded the palm to Chilo; and Alcaeus mentions Aristodemus in these lines :
And so they say Aristodemus once uttered a truthful speech in noble Sparta :
'Tis money makes the man ; and he who's none,
Is counted neither good nor honourable.
But some say that a vessel fully loaded was sent by Periander to Thrasybulus the tyrant of the Milesians ; and that as the ship was wrecked in the sea, near the island of Cos, this tripod was afterwards found by some fishermen. Phanodicus says that it was found in the sea near Athens, and so brought into the city ; and then, after an assembly had been held to decide on the disposal, it was sent to Bias and the reason why we will, mention in our account of Bias. Others say that this goblet had been made by Vulcan, and presented by the Gods to Pelops, on his marriage ; and that subsequently it came into the possession of Menelaus, and was taken away by Paris when he carried off Helen, and was thrown into the sea near Cos by her, as she said that it would become a cause of battle.
And after some time, some of the citizens of Lebedos having bought a net, this tripod was brought up in it ; and as they quarrelled with the fishermen about it, they went to Cos ; and not being able to get the matter settled there, they laid it before the Milesians, as Miletus was their metropolis ; and they sent ambassadors, who were treated with neglect, on which account they made war on the Coans ; and after each side had met with many revolutions of fortune, an oracle directed that the tripod should be given to the wisest ; and then both parties agreed that it belonged to Thales : and he, after it had gone the circuit of all the wise men, presented it to the Didymaean Apollo. Now, the assignation of the oracle was given to the Coans in the following words :
The war between the brave Ionian race
And the proud Meropes will never cease,
Till the rich golden tripod which the God,
Its maker, cast beneath the briny waves,
Is from your city sent, and justly given
To that wise being who knows all present things,
And all that's past, and all that ia to come.
And the reply given to the Milesians was-
You ask about the tripod :
and so on, as I have related it before. And now we have said enough on this subject
But Herruippus, in his Lives, refers to Thales what has been by some people reported of Socrates ; for he recites that he used to say that he thanked fortune for three things : first of all, that he had been born a man and not a beast ; secondly, that he was a man and not a woman ; and thirdly, that he was a Greek arid not a barbarian.
'VIII.
It is s;dd that once he was led out of his house by an old woman for the purpose of observing the stars, and he fell into a ditch and bewailed himself, on which the old woman fc;Uil to him " Do you, O Thales, who cannot see what is turner your feet, think that you shall understand what is in ihfHven ?-" Timon also knew that he was an astronomer, and tu his- Silli he praises him, saying :
Like Thales, wisest of the seven sages,
That great astronomer.
And Lobon, of Argos, says, that which was written by him extends to about two hundred verses ; and that the following inscription is engraved upon his statue :
Miletus, fairest of Ionian cities,
Gave birth to Thales, great astronomer,
Wisest of mortals in all kinds of knowledge.
IX.
And these are quoted as some of his lines :
It is not many words that real wisdom proves ;
Breathe rather one wise thought,
Select one worthy object,
So shall you best the endless prate of silly men reprova
And the following are quoted as sayings of his : " God is the most ancient of all things, for he had no birth : the world is the most beautiful of things, for it is the work of God : place is the greatest of things, for it contains all things : intellect is the swiftest of things, for it runs through everything : necessity is the strongest of things, for it rules everything : time is the wisest of things, for it finds out everything."
He said also that there was no difference between life and death. " Why, then," said some one to him, " do not you die?" "Because," said he, "it does make no difference."
A man asked him which was made first, night or day, and he replied, " Night was made first by one day." Another man asked him whether a man who did wrong, could escape the notice of the Gods. " No. not even if he thinks wrong," said he. An adulterer inquired of him whether he should swear that he had not committed adultery. "Perjury," said he, "is no worse than adultery." When he was asked what was very difficult, he said, " To know one's self." And what was easy, "To advise another." What was most pleasant? "To be successful." To the question, " What is the divinity ?" he replied, " That which has neither beginning nor end." When asked what hard thing he had seen, he said, " An old man a tyrant." When the question was put to him how a man might most easily endure misfortune, he said, " If he saw his enemies more unfortunate still." When asked how men might live most virtuously and most justly, he said, " If we never do ourselves what we blame in others." To the question, "Who washappy ?" he made answer. " He who is healthy in his body, easy in his circumstances, and well-instructed as to his mind." He said that men ought to remember those friends who were absent as well as those who were present, and not to care about adorning their faces, but to be beautified by their studies. " Do not," said he, "get rich by evil actions, and let not any one ever be able to reproach you with speaking against those who partake of your friendship. All the assistance that you give to your parents, the same you have a right to expect from your children." He said that the reason of the Nile overflowing was, that its streams were beaten back by the Etesian winds blowing in a contrary direction.
X.
Apollodorus, in his Chronicles, says, that Thales was born in the first year of the thirty-fifth Olympiad ; and he died at the age of seventy-eight years, or according to the statement of Sosicrates, at the age of ninety., for he died in the fifty-eighth Olympiad, having lived in the time of Croesus, to whom he promised that he would enable him to pass the Halys without a bridge, by turning the course of the river.
XI.
There have also been other men of the name of Thales, as Demetrius of Magnesia says, in his Treatise on People and Things of the same name ; of whom five are particularly mentioned, an orator of Calatia of a very affected style of eloquence ; a painter of S icy on, a great man ; the third was one who lived in very ancient times, in the age of Homer and Hesiod and Lycurgus ; the fourth is a man who is mentioned by Duris in his work on Painting ; the fifth is a more modern person, of no great reputation, who is mentioned by Dionysius in his Criticisms.
XII.
But this wise Thales died while present as a spectator at a gymnastic contest, being worn out with heat and thirst and weakness, for he was very old, and the following inscription was placed oil his tomb :
You see this tomb is small but recollect,
The fame of Thales reaches to the skies.
I have also myself composed this epigram on him in the first book of my epigrams or poems in various metres: mighty sun, our wisest Thales sat
Spectator of the games, when you did Heize upon him ;
But you were right to take him near yourself.
Now that his aged sight could scarcely reach to heaven.
XIII.
The apophthegm, "know yourself." . ; s his; though Antisthenes in his Successions, says that it belongs to Phemonoe, but that Chilo appropriated it as his own.
XIV.
Now concerning the seven, (for it is well here to speak of them all together,) the following traditions are handed down. Damon the Cyrensean, who wrote about the philosophers, reproaches them all, but most especially the seven. And Anaximenes says, that they all applied themselves to poetry.
But Dicaearchus says, that they were neither wise men nor philosophers, but merely shrewd men, who had studied legislation. And Archetimus, the Syracusian, wrote an account of their having a meeting at the palace of Cypselus, at which he says that he himself was present. Ephorus says that they all except Thales met at the court of Croesus. And some say that they also met at the Pandionium,* and at Corinth, and at Delphi. There is a good deal of disagreement between different writers with respect to their apophthegms, as the same one is attributed by them to various authors. Fox instance there is the epigram :
Chilo, the Spartan sage, this sentence said :
Seek no excess all timely things are good.
There is also a difference of opinion with respect to their number. Leander inserts in the number instead of Cleobulus and Myson, Leophantus Gorsias, a native of either Lebedos or Ephesus ; and Epimenides, the Cretan ; Plato, in his Protagoras, reckons Myson among them instead of Periander. And Ephorus mentions Anacharsis in the place of Myson; some also add Pythagoras to the number. Dicsearchus speaks of four, as universally agreed upon, Thales, Bias, Pittacus, and Solon ; and then enumerates six more, of whom we are to select three, namely, Aristodemus, Pamphilus, Chilo the
Lacedaemonian, Cleobulus, Anacharsis, and Periander. Some add Acusilaus of Argos, the son of Cabas, or Scabras. But Hermippus, in his Treatise on the Wise Men says that there were altogether seventeen, out of whom different authors selected different individuals to make up the seven. These seventeen were Solon, Thales, Pittacus, Bias, Chilo, Myson,
This was the temple of the national diety of the lonianB, Neptun* Heliconius, on Mount Mycale." Vide Smith, Diet. Gr. and Rom. Antiq, Cleobulus, Periander, Anachnrsis, Acusilaus, Epimenides, Leophantus, Pherecydes, Aristodemus, Pythagoras, Lasus the son of Charmantides, or Sisymbrinus, or as Aristoxenus calls him the son of Chabrinus, a citizen of Hermione, and Anaxagoras. But Hippobotus in his Description of the Philosophers enumerates among them Orpheus, Linus, Solon, Periander, Anacharsis, Cleobulus, Myson, Thales, Bias, Pittacus, Epicharmus, and Pythagoras.
XV.
The following letters are preserved as having been written by Thales:
I hear that you are disposed, as no other Ionian has been, to discourse to the Greeks about divine things, and perhaps it will be wiser of you to reserve for your own friends what you write rather than to entrust it to any chance people, without any advantage. If therefore it is agreeable to you, I should be glad to become a pupil of yours as to the matters about which you write ; and if you invite me I will come to you to Syros ; for Solon- the Athenian and I must be out of our senses if we sailed to Crete to investigate the history of that country, and to Egypt for the purpose of conferring with the priests and astronomers who are to be found there, and yet are unwilling to make a voyage to you ; for Solon will come too, if you will give him leave, for as you are fond of your present habitation you are not likely to come to Ionia, nor are you desirous of seeing strangers ; but you rather, as I hope, devote yourself wholly to the occupation of writing. We, on the other hand, who write nothing, travel over all Greece and Asia.
XVI.
If you should leave Athens it appears to me that you would find a home at Miletus among the colonists of Athena more suitably than anywhere else, for here there are no annoyances of any kind. And if you are indignant because we Milesians are governed by a tyrant, (for you yourself hate all despotic rulers), still at all events you will find it pleasant to live with us for your companions. Bias has also written to invite you to Priene, and if you prefer taking up your abode in the city of the Prieneans, then we ourselves will come thither and settle near you.
LIFE OF SOLON.
I.
SOLON the son of Execestides, a native of Salamis, was the first person who introduced among the .Athenians, an ordinance for the lowering* of debts; for this was the name given to the release of the bodies and possessions of the debtors. For men used to borrow on the security of their own persons, and many became slaves in consequence of their inability to pay ; and as seven talents were owed to him as a part of his paternal inheritance when he succeeded to it, he was the first person who made a composition with his debtors, and who exhorted the other men who had money owing to them to do likewise, and this ordinance was called anad^sia ; and the reason why is plain. After that he enacted his other laws, which it would take a long time to enumerate ; and he wrote them on wooden revolving tablets.
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