Methods for enumerating microorganisms and determining biomass in natural environments; Direct methods and biomass estimation; Different types of continuous culture in ecological studies; Mathematical methods in microbial ecology; Methods to study the bacterial ecology of freshwater environments; Techniques for estimating bacterial growth rates and production of biomass in aquatic environments; Measuring heterotrophic activity in plankton; Methods for studying and attachment to surfaces; Methods for studying biofilm bacteria; Methods for studying the microbial ecology of soil; Methods for studying fungi in soil and forest litter; Methods for studying the ecology and population dynamics of soil myxomycetes; Techniques for studying the microbial ecology of nitrification; Methods for studying the microbial ecology of the rhizosphere; The microbial ecology of timber and forest products; Methods for detecting microbial pathogens in food and water; Methods for studying the ecology of actinomycetes; Methods for studying the ecology of endospore-forming bacteria.