This workbook serves as a step-by-step guide to writing a compelling, fundable NIH grant application. The authors explain how to write each component of the proposal, which is followed by an example. The reader is invited to write something comparable for the subject to be presented. As you make those responses, one after the other, the first draft of your application gradually falls into place. In addition to the latest NIH changes, this edition also includes the NIH requirements on how to improve the rigor of experimental design along with how the transparency of the proposal can be enhanced. It also demystifies how you should present the scientific premise for your application to include how you should discuss strengths and weaknesses of preliminary results and published literature. Different uses of conceptual and technical preliminary results are also described. The chapter on the Approach subsection of the Research Strategy was previously expanded to help you address potential sources of biological variation, especially those related to sex. New restrictions on the use of appendix material are explained, and all URLs and screenshots have been updated.