This book comprises a collection of essays on traditional machiya in Kyoto from various viewpoints and at different scales, including the urban fabric, the construction, the layout of the space plan, and building materials and details. By discussing the topic further from the various perspectives of the Dutch and Japanese scholars, we aim not only to cultivate a better understanding of machiya, but also to clarify the difference between the Netherlands and Japan in terms of ideas and approaches to preservation and regeneration of historical buildings. Concepts and approaches with respect to traditional architecture differ greatly between the Netherlands and Japan. The differences lie not only in the construction methods, respectively brick and timber construction, but also in the ways of living, as well as miscellaneous systems and regulations regarding architectural materials. Efforts to clarify such differences will promote a better understanding of each other's culture, history and context, as well as comparative studies and a re-evaluation of ideas and approaches to preservation, regeneration and adaptive reuse of historic buildings in both countries.