An edition of Corrosion and degradation of metallic materials
(2010)
Corrosion and degradation of metallic materials
understanding of the phenomena and applications in petroleum and process industries
by F. Ropital
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Corrosion of metallic equipment has a major impact on the operating costs of industrial facilities, the reliability and lifetime of equipments, human safety and the environment. This book provides an update of the knowledge on the understanding and prevention of the main phenomena causing corrosion and degradation of metallic materials in petroleum and process industries. The first section provides an in-depth description of the actions of the main corrosive environments. Eighteen chemical environments and the associated corrosion phenomena are presented in detail. Where are they found? Which materials are concerned? Which are the more important parameters that affect this type of corrosion? What are the possible solutions? Examples are systematically given to illustrate the phenomenon described. The second section describes the various techniques used in the petroleum industry to protect metallic materials, to detect and to monitor corrosion, in a manner readily accessible to non-specialist readers. The third section lists the basic principles required to understand the structure and the behaviour of the main metallic materials as well as the various corrosion modes and other possible sources of damages. The chapters in this section will provide the non-specialist reader with basic information on metallurgy and corrosion. This book is intended for engineers and technicians who need a reference book, as well as materials science and process engineering students or simply readers wanting to understand the mechanisms involved in the corrosion of metallic materials, its prevention and treatment.
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Corrosion and degradation of metallic materials: understanding of the phenomena and applications in petroleum and process industries
2010, Editions Technip
in English
1621987868 9781621987864
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Book Details
Table of Contents
Machine generated contents note: 1.1. Presentation
1.2. Carbon dioxide corrosion
1.2.1. Equipment concerned by CO2 corrosion
1.2.2. Mechanisms and parameters influencing CO2 corrosion
1.2.3. Example of CO2 corrosion
1.2.4. Acidity and CO2 corrosion prediction models
1.2.5. Prevention of CO2 corrosion
1.3. Corrosion by water containing H2S
1.3.1. Equipment concerned by H2S corrosion
1.3.2. Mechanisms and parameters influencing H2S corrosion
1.3.3. Selection of materials for use in H2S environment
1.4. Corrosion by mercury and liquid metals
1.4.1. Equipment concerned by mercury corrosion
1.4.2. Mechanisms involved in mercury embrittlement of aluminium
1.4.3. Example of mercury corrosion
1.4.4. Other metallic materials sensitive to liquid metal embrittlement
1.4.5. Prevention of liquid metal embrittlement
1.5. Corrosion by the bacteria present in water, soil and crudes
1.5.1. Stakes of biocorrosion in the petroleum industry
Note continued: 1.5.2. Means used to detect and combat biocorrosion
1.5.2.1. Use of non-corrodable materials
1.5.2.2. Construction of a non aggressive bacterial environment
1.5.2.3. Use of bactericides
1.5.2.4. Use of cathodic protection
1.5.2.5. Protective coatings
1.5.2.6. Detection of corrosive micro organisms
1.6. Corrosion caused by the chlorides present in water
1.6.1. Equipment concerned by corrosion due to chlorides present in water
1.6.2. Mechanisms and parameters influencing corrosion by water containing chlorides
1.6.3. Example of corrosion by water containing chlorides
1.6.4. Prevention of localised corrosion of stainless steels by water containing chlorides
1.7. Hydrolysis of chlorides into HCl
1.7.1. Equipment concerned by hydrolysis of chlorides into HCl
1.7.2. Mechanisms and parameters governing corrosion
1.7.3. Example of corrosion by HCl formed by hydrolysis of chlorides
Note continued: 1.7.4. Prevention of corrosion by HCl formed by hydrolysis of chlorides
1.8. Corrosion by concentrated acids: HCl, H2SO4 or HF
1.8.1. Corrosion by concentrated hydrochloric acid
1.8.1.1. Equipment concerned by HCl corrosion
1.8.1.2. Mechanisms and parameters governing HCl corrosion
1.8.1.3. Example of HCl corrosion
1.8.1.4. Prevention of HCl corrosion
1.8.2. Corrosion by concentrated sulfuric acid
1.8.2.1. Equipment concerned by H2SO4 corrosion
1.8.2.2. Mechanisms and parameters governing H2SO4 corrosion
1.8.2.3. Example of H2SO4 corrosion
1.8.2.4. Prevention of H2SO4 corrosion
1.8.3. Hydrofluoric acid corrosion
1.8.3.1. Equipment concerned by HF corrosion
1.8.3.2. Mechanisms and parameters governing HF corrosion
1.8.3.3. Example of HF corrosion
1.8.3.4. Prevention of HF corrosion
1.9. Stress corrosion in alkaline and quasi-neutral media
1.9.1. Caustic stress corrosion
Note continued: 1.9.1.1. Equipment concerned by caustic corrosion
1.9.1.2. Mechanisms and parameters governing caustic corrosion
1.9.1.3. Example of caustic corrosion
1.9.1.4. Prevention of caustic soda corrosion
1.9.2. Carbonate stress corrosion
1.9.2.1. Equipment concerned by carbonate corrosion
1.9.2.2. Mechanisms and parameters governing carbonate corrosion
1.9.2.3. Example of carbonate corrosion
1.9.2.4. Prevention of carbonate corrosion
1.9.3. Stress corrosion in near neutral medium
1.9.3.1. Equipment concerned by corrosion in near neutral medium
1.9.3.2. Mechanisms and parameters governing corrosion in near neutral medium
1.9.3.3. Example of corrosion in near-neutral medium
1.9.3.4. Prevention of corrosion in near-neutral medium
1.10. Alcohol (methanol and ethanol) corrosion
1.10.1. Equipment concerned by alcohol corrosion
1.10.2. Mechanisms and parameters governing methanol corrosion
Note continued: 1.10.3. Mechanisms and parameters governing ethanol fuel corrosion
1.10.4. Example of ethanol corrosion
1.10.5. Prevention of alcohol corrosion
1.11. Corrosion by acid gas chemical solvents
1.11.1. Introduction: principles of acid gas removal by chemical solvents
1.11.2. Mechanisms and parameters governing corrosion in acid gas treatment plants.
1.11.2.1. Acid gas corrosion
1.11.2.2. Corrosion by amine solution
1.11.3. Equipment concerned by corrosion
1.11.3.1. Absorber
1.11.3.2. Rich amine lines
1.11.3.3. Rich/lean amine exchanger
1.11.3.4. Regenerator and acid gas outlet (condenser, reflux drum)
1.11.3.5. Reboiler
1.11.3.6. Lean amine lines
1.11.4. Examples of corrosion by acid gas solvents
1.11.5. Prevention of corrosion in acid gas treatment units
1.11.5.1. Operating conditions of the units
1.11.5.2. Use of corrosion inhibitors
1.11.5.3. Corrosion monitoring
1.11.5.4. Choice of appropriate metallurgies
Note continued: 1.12. Corrosion by crude oil containing naphthenic acids
1.12.1. Equipment concerned by naphthenic acid corrosion
1.12.2. Mechanisms and parameters governing naphthenic acid corrosion
1.12.3. Example of naphthenic acid corrosion
1.12.4. Naphthenic acid corrosion prediction models
1.12.5. Prevention of naphthenic acid corrosion
1.13. Corrosion during the formation of polythionic acids
1.13.1. Equipment concerned by polythionic acid corrosion
1.13.2. Mechanisms and parameters governing polythionic acid corrosion
1.13.3. Example of polythionic acid corrosion
1.13.4. Prevention of polythionic acid corrosion
1.14. Decarburisation by high temperature hydrogen attack
1.14.1. Equipment concerned by high temperature hydrogen attack
1.14.2. Mechanisms and parameters governing high temperature hydrogen attack
1.14.3. Example of high temperature hydrogen attack
1.14.4. Prevention of high temperature hydrogen attack
Note continued: 1.14.5. Hydrogen-induced disbonding of stainless steel overlays
1.14.6. Hydridation of titanium equipment
1.15. High temperature oxidation
1.15.1. Equipment concerned by high temperature oxidation
1.15.2. Mechanisms and parameters governing high temperature oxidation
1.15.3. High temperature oxidation prediction models
1.15.4. Example of high temperature oxidation
1.15.5. Prevention of high temperature oxidation
1.16. High temperature sulfidation
1.16.1.equipment concerned by high temperature sulfidation
1.16.2. Mechanisms and parameters governing high temperature sulfidation
1.16.3. High temperature sulfidation prediction models
1.16.4. Example of high temperature sulfidation
1.16.5. Prevention of high temperature sulfidation
1.17. Carburisation, coking, metal dusting
1.17.1. Coking
1.17.1.1. Catalytic and pyrolytic mechanisms
1.17.1.2. Example of pyrolytic coking
1.17.1.3. Prevention of coking
Note continued: 1.17.2. Metal dusting
1.17.2.1. Metal dusting mechanisms
1.17.2.2. Example of metal dusting
1.17.2.3. Prevention of metal dusting
1.17.3. Carburisation
1.17.3.1. Carburisation mechanisms
1.17.3.2. Example of carburisation
1.17.3.3. Prevention of carburisation
1.18. Molten salt corrosion
1.18.1. Equipment concerned by molten salt corrosion
1.18.2. Mechanisms and parameters governing molten salt corrosion
1.18.3. Example of molten salt corrosion
1.18.4. Prevention of molten salt corrosion
2.1. Corrosion prevention by appropriate selection and design of materials and equipment
2.1.1. Data concerning the corrosion type and propagation rate
2.1.2. Control of operating parameters
2.1.3. Equipment design
2.2. Use of coatings, corrosion inhibitors or cathodic protection
2.2.1. Protection by coatings
2.2.1.1. Principle
2.2.1.2.Organic coatings and paints
2.2.1.3.Composite liner
2.2.1.4. Inorganic coating
Note continued: 2.2.1.5. Cladding
2.2.1.6. Anticorrosion cements
2.2.1.7. Surface treatments
2.2.2. Cathodic protection of structures
2.2.2.1. Principle
2.2.2.2. History of offshore and onshore applications
2.2.2.3. Problems encountered (design, checks of cathodic protection and cathodic overprotection, shielding, monitoring)
2.2.3. Corrosion inhibitors
2.2.3.1. Principle
2.2.3.2. Liquid phase inhibitors
2.2.3.3. Gas phase inhibitors
2.3. Corrosion detection, control and monitoring
2.3.1. Introduction
2.3.2. Corrosion control methods
2.3.2.1. Indirect methods
2.3.2.2. Direct methods
2.3.3. Detection and inspection methods
2.3.3.1. Non-destructive testing methods
2.3.3.2. Intelligent pigging
2.3.3.3. Inspection plans and RBI
3.1. Basic information concerning the metallic materials used in the petroleum sector, their structure and properties
3.1.1. Structure of metallic alloys
3.1.1.1. Crystallographic structures of alloys
Note continued: 3.1.1.2. Alloy equilibrium diagrams
3.1.1.3. Application to the Fe-C diagram
3.1.1.4. Steel heat treatments: time-temperature transformation diagram
3.1.1.5. Metallurgical transformations during steel welding operations
3.1.1.6. Influence of the various addition elements on steel properties
3.1.2. Mechanical behaviour of metallic materials
3.1.2.1. Introduction
3.1.2.2. Tensile test
3.1.2.3. Elastic and plastic strain mechanisms in metals
3.1.2.4. Damage and failure mechanisms
3.1.2.5. Ductile failure and brittle failure
3.1.2.6. Description of mechanical stresses and behaviours
3.1.2.7. Types of mechanical test
3.1.3. Alloys used in the petroleum industry
3.1.3.1. Ferrous metals (iron content> 50%)
3.1.3.2. Non-ferrous metals
3.2. Basic information concerning the mechanisms involved in the corrosion of metallic materials
3.2.1. Information concerning the thermodynamic stability of corrosion reactions
Note continued: 3.2.1.1. Free enthalpy of a corrosion reaction
3.2.1.2. Ellingham diagrams
3.2.2. Chemical corrosion in liquid phase
3.2.3. Electrochemical corrosion in liquid phase
3.2.3.1. Electrochemical reactions
3.2.3.2. Faraday's law
3.2.3.3. Metal-electrolyte interface
3.2.3.4. Electrochemical thermodynamic equilibrium
3.2.3.5. Pourbaix diagrams: potential-pH equilibria
3.2.3.6. Electrochemical kinetics
3.2.4. High temperature gas phase corrosion
3.2.4.1. Main high temperature corrosive gases
3.2.4.2. High temperature corrosion mechanisms: oxidation and sulfidation
3.3. The various forms of corrosion
3.3.1. Uniform corrosion
3.3.2. Galvanic corrosion
3.3.2.1. Galvanic series of alloys
3.3.2.2. Concentration cell
3.3.3. Pitting corrosion
3.3.4. Crevice corrosion
3.3.5. Intergranular corrosion
3.3.6. Stress corrosion
3.3.6.1. Stress corrosion mechanisms
3.3.6.2. Corrosion fatigue
3.3.7. Erosion-corrosion
Note continued: 3.4. Bacterial corrosion
3.4.1. Biofilms and biofouling
3.4.2. Anaerobic corrosion by sulfidogenic bacteria
3.4.2.1. Microorganisms
3.4.2.2. Biocorrosion process
3.4.3. Corrosion by iron oxidising bacteria
3.4.4. Corrosion by acidogenic bacteria
3.5. Other damage modes-Ageing of metallic materials
3.5.1. Embrittlement of low alloy steels
3.5.1.1. Temper embrittlement
3.5.1.2. Creep embrittlement
3.5.2.475 °C embrittlement of stainless steels
3.5.3. Intergranular sensitisation of stainless steels
3.5.4. Precipitation of intermetallic phases.
Edition Notes
Includes bibliographical references (pages 242-244) and index.
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