This volume contains research and survey articles on Drinfeld modules, Anderson $t$-modules and $t$-motives. Much material that had not been easily accessible in the literature is presented here, for example the cohomology theories and Pink's theory of Hodge structures attached to Drinfeld modules and $t$-motives. Also included are survey articles on the function field analogue of Fontaine's theory of $p$-adic crystalline Galois representations and on transcendence methods over function fields, encompassing the theories of Frobenius difference equations, automata theory, and Mahler's method. In addition, this volume contains a small number of research articles on function field Iwasawa theory, 1-$t$-motifs, and multizeta values.This book is a useful source for learning important techniques and an effective reference for all researchers working in or interested in the area of function field arithmetic, from graduate students to established experts.