An edition of Blackouts
(1941)
Blackouts
by United States War Department and United States. Office of Civilian Defens...
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents
CHAPTER I: Planning the Blackout
Section I: General Considerations
Purpose 1
Scope 2
Definitions 3
Blackout Training and Procedure 4
Action After Blackouts 5
Basic Considerations in Planning Blackouts 6
Section II: Responsibility for Execution of Blackouts
Legalizing Blackout Enforcement 7
Enforcement Organization 8
Section III: Advance Planning and Preparations
Phases 9
Objective 10
Education of the Public 11
Training 12
Summary of Steps for Organizing Black-outs 13
Section IV: Communications and Air Raid Warning Messages
Air Raid Warning Messages 14
Section V: Extent and Nature of Lighting Restrictions
General 15
Reduction in Outside Illumination 16
Obscuration 17
Studies to be Made 18
Typical Restrictions 19
CHAPTER II: Obscuration Methods and Materials
Section I: General
Importance 20
Costs 21
Materials 22
Section II: Treatment of Glazed Surfaces
General 23
Strength of Glass 24
Glass Installations 25
Use of Paint 26
Adhesive Treatments on Glass 27
Splinter Protection 28
Light Weight Screens 29
Sky Lights 30
Ventilation 31
CHAPTER III: Individual Persons and Dwellings
Section I: The Individual
General 32
Advice to the Individual 33
Individual Blackout Equipment for Street Use 34
Section II: The Individual Dwelling
General 35
Preparation for Obscuration 36
Conduct During an Air Raid 37
CHAPTER IV: Stores, Factories, and Industrial Buildings
Section I: General
Importance 38
Blackout Methods 39
Section II: Preliminary Preparations
General 40
Supplies of Essential Services 41
Emergency Communications 42
Lighting Restrictions 43
Section III: Industrial Light Control
General 44
Obscuration Considerations 45
Details of Factory Installations 46
Substitutes for Glass 47
Blast Mattresses 48
Complementary Colors 49
Paints 50
Screens and Splinter Protection 51
Typical Screen Installations 52
Ventilation 53
Section IV: Light-Locks
Essential Features 54
Interior of Lock 55
Typical Examples 56
Treatment of Emergency Exits 57
Provision of Illuminated Signs Within Light-Locks 58
Graduation of Light in the Vicinity of Light-Locks 59
Other Screening Devices 60
Section V: Miscellaneous Measures
Windowless Factories 61
Smoke in Connection with Blackouts 62
Glow from Industrial Processes 63
Methods of Preventing Glow 64
CHAPTER V: Utilities, Municipal Services, and Installations
Section I: General
Importance 65
Utilities 66
Municipal Services 67
Preparations and Planning 68
Section II: Electric Light and Power
General 69
Light Pattern Diversity 70
Section III: Municipal Services
General 71
Waste Disposal 72
Section IV: Hospitals
General 73
Alternate Lighting Methods 74
CHAPTER VI: Transportation
Section I: General
Types 75
Importance 76
Section II: Motor Transportation
Aids to Movement 77
Self-Luminous Materials 78
Illuminated Signs 79
Traffic Light Signals 80
Route Numbers and Direction Signs 81
Warning Signs 82
Safety Zones and Obstructions 83
Distinctive Markings 84
Pedestrian Crossing Places 85
Motor Vehicle Blackout Devices 86
Duties of Traffic Police in Blackouts 87
Highway Traffic Devices 88
Section III: Railroads and Electric Lines
Railroads 89
Electric Street, Elevated and Similar Lines 90
Section IV: Water Transportation
Navigation Lights 91
Instructions 92
Section V: Air Transportation
APPENDIX I: Bibliography
APPENDIX II: Type Specifications for Blackout Materials and Devices.
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Typical city street intersection before black-out 3
2. Same intersection as Figure 1 with semi-black-out and total black-out 3
3. Perfect targets for air bombing — an important industrial area with obvious important centers ablaze with lights. 4
4. Lighted city street — note brightness of light sources and reflections from car tops 5
5. Same city street as Figure 3 blacked-out. 5
6. Airplane flares and antiaircraft search-light beams 6
7. Typical poster publicity to advertise blackout tests 8
8. Typical internal lightweight opaque screen 17
9. Making lightweight 18
10. Temporary improvised screen blind (window shade) 20
11. Inexpensive form of lightweight screen. 21
12. Obscuration of skylights 22
13. Obscuration of skylights 22
14. Improved type of saw-tooth roof construction 23
15. Types of ventilators 23
16. Types of ventilators 23
17. DO NOT run when air-raid warnings sound after dark during black-outs. 25
18. Use your flashlight as little as possible, if at all. Never point it upward nor at any object that might reflect upward. 25
19. Know where you want to go and how to get there. Keep to the right 25
20. Keep pets on leash if you take them out after dark 25
21. If you are hurt, move to the nearest wall and ask the first persons who come along to report your injury to the nearest first-aid station 25
22. If you are not familiar with the neighborhood, ask someone who is or report to the first policeman or air-raid warden 25
23. Black-out wearing apparel using white materials 26
24. A type of factory construction most difficult to black out 28
25. Typical metal wool mattress for covering windows 31
26. Detailed dimensions for blast mattresses 31
27. Sliding tray screen under roof lights 33
28. External obscuring boards 34
29. External hinged shutters 34
30. Outside tarpaulin and inside roller blind 34
31. Internal sliding shutter 34
32. Internal sliding shutter providing temporary weather protection 35
33. External sliding shutters operated from the inside 35
34. External sliding shutter, horizontal movement 35
35. Essential features of inside and outside light locks 37
36. Examples of inside single light locks 38
37. Examples of double and outside light locks 38
38. External removable light locks for factory use 39
39. Hand truck light locks and portable enclosures 40
40. Portable enclosures for rear and side loading of trucks 40
41. Use of portable screens for loading all kinds of trucks 41
42. Proportions of screening for illuminated signs 49
43. Mask or paint stencil for lenses of traffic lights 49
44. Route numbers and direction signs 50
45. Direction and location signs for civilian defense agencies 50
46. Type of screening 51
47. Type of screening 51
48. Signs painted on wall with luminescent paints 52
49. Trees, posts and curbs striped with white paint for guidance of motorists and pedestrians 54
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| September 17, 2020 | Edited by MARC Bot | import existing book |
| September 29, 2016 | Edited by ww2archive | added book |
| September 29, 2016 | Created by ww2archive | Added new book. |