The U.S. military has faced imposing force structure reductions during the last decade. Complementing the force structure reductions, four rounds of Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) have been authorized to reduce surplus infrastructure. However, as the BRAC process unfolds, environmental cost issues are being placed under ever increasing scrutiny. Military environmental restoration costs have risen sharply (and above expectations) in recent years, with the unanticipated cost growth occurring most visibly for bases on the BRAC lists. The complexity of the environmental clean-up enterprise, the numerous and varied regulatory requirements, and the uniqueness of individual installations have led to tremendous difficulty in effective budgeting.