Correspondence, diaries, speeches, reports, and other writings, laboratory notes, subject files, biographical material, certificates, awards, newspaper clippings, and other papers documenting Koller's career as an ophthalmologist and surgeon. Koller's correspondence with Sigmund Freud and other medical students, physicians, and professors begins during his studies at the University of Vienna (Universität Wien) and continues after his emigration to the United States in 1888. Writings by Koller and others concern the use of cocaine as an anesthetic and the embryonic development of the chicken. Includes letters of Koller's daughter, Hortense Koller Becker, relating to her efforts to ensure her father's priority as the first to apply cocaine as an anesthetic during eye surgery.

Other correspondents and authors represented include Josef Breuer, Julius Donath, F. C. Donders, Willem Einthoven, August Fabritius, Leo von Gerlach, Émile Javal, Herman Knapp, Albert Kölliker, L. Königsstein, Edmond Landolt, G. Liljestrand, Sigmund Lustgarten, Julius Mauthner, William Oliver Moore, Erik Wilhelm Nordenson, Josef Paneth, Ignaz Rosanes, Emil J. Schiff, and Herman Snellen.