2009 has been a formative year for the people of Afghanistan. In the 12 months since The Asia Foundation conducted its last survey of Afghan public opinion in 2008, the domestic and international landscape has shifted considerably, heralding renewed emphasis on this nation determined to find its path forward in the post-Taliban era. Defined by presidential and provincial council elections and an uptick in insurgent activity, these shifts have delivered both noted accomplishment and tragedy in 2009. Despite modest improvements in basic infrastructure, public services, education, and health, civilian and military casualties have reached unsettling levels. Add natural disasters, inclement weather conditions, and a renewed anti-insurgency campaign in Pakistan to the dynamic and conditions are considerably difficult for the average Afghan. These challenging surroundings notwithstanding, The Asia Foundation successfully conducted its fifth nationwide assessment of Afghan public opinion. This report, outlining findings and methodology, is the material result of that effort.