Psychosomatic illness has no apparent physiological cause. By definition, it originates in the mind. But now, in this fascinating work, the foremost authority on the history of psychosomatic illness shows that the forms it takes are in fact a product of something much larger. Symptoms are produced not just by an individual's psychology, but also by one's genetic history and even by the time and culture in which we live.

When we fall ill with psychosomatic pain, our symptoms most often - and quite unconsciously - reflect our particular ethnic group, age, class, or gender. In this landmark work, Edward Shorter continues his important inquiry into the nature of psychosomatic illness. Drawing on a vast array of engrossing, colorful, and often humorous historical case studies, he explores the newly discovered relationship between social identity and the varieties of psychosomatic disorders.

Tracing the interplay of cultural and biological factors in psychosomatic distress, Shorter shows that while some individuals are genetically more predisposed than others to develop chronic illness, their particular historical era and circumstances will influence the likely nature of their maladies. Women have more abdominal problems than men. Eastern European Jews have more nervous disorders than other ethnic groups.

Boston Irish tend to experience their distress in their faces and throats, while Boston Italians have more general malaise. Adolescent middle-class girls are most prone to anorexia nervosa. An extraordinary number of fashionable wealthy people became invalids in the early part of this century and spent their lives traveling from spa to spa in search of a cure

1. Shorter explores how symptoms are forged by a number of factors, including the stress caused by changing patterns of family life and by patterns of persecution and the influence of the medical community and the media, which position some symptoms as more acceptable than others. His lively anecdotes reveal for the first time just how stress, popular notions, and social forces together construct many of our symptoms and create much of our pain.