The archaeological site of Kashmir Smast is considered the earliest Hindu University in South Asia and has, therefore, remained the earliest seat of learning for the Hindus. For many centuries, this site has also been remained an international pilgrimage centre. Even, evidence for the early arrival of Muslims in the area also comes from Kashmir Smast archaeological site. This book, therefore, mainly focuses on the political, economic, cultural and religious landscape in ancient Gandhāra during the time starting from the early historic period till to the arrival of Muslims in the region.