The ancient philosophy of Stoicism has been a crucial and formative influence on the development of Western though since its inception through to the present day. It is not only an important area of study in philosophy and classics, but also in theology and literature. The Routledge Handbook of the Stoic Tradition is the first volume of its kind, and an outstanding guide and reference source to the nature and continuing significance of Stoicism. Comprising twenty-six chapters by a team of international contributors and organized chronologically, the Handbook is divided into four parts: Antiquity and the Middle Ages, including Stoicism in Rome; Stoicism in early Christianity; the Platonic response to Stoicism; and Stoic influences in the late Middle Ages; Renaissance and Reformation, addressing the impact of Stoicism on the Italian Renaissance, Reformation thought, and early modern English literature including Shakespeare. Early modern Europe, including Stoicism and early modern French thought; and the Stoic influence on Spinoza and Leibniz; Stoicism and the French and Scottish Enlightenments; and Kant and Stoic ethics. The modern world, including Stoicism in nineteenth-century German philosophy; Stoicism in Victorian culture; Stocisim in America; Stoic themes in contemporary Anglo-American ethics; and the Stoic influence on modern psychotherapy. -- from back cover.