Includes bibliographical references and index.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3
ABBREVIATIONS AND PERIODICALS 4
LIST OF FIGURES 9
LIST OF COPYRIGHTS TO THE PHOTOGRAPHS 12
PREFACE 16
I THE TOMB OF JASON REDISCOVERED
1.1. The Tomb of Jason in the Qumran Context 20
1.2. The Epigraphical Evidence from the Tomb 26
1.2.1. The Inscriptions -Keys to the Identification of the Tomb 26
1.2.2. Interpreting the Aramaic and Greek Inscription 30
1.3. The Architecture of the Funerary Monument 34
1.3.1. General Architectural Features of the Tomb 34
1.3.2. The Osirian Tomb Plan 36
1.3.3. The Measurements of the Tomb of Jason
Compared with the Leontopolis’ and Qumran Structures 40
1.4. The Burials and Their Significance 41
1.5. The Archaeological Evidence from the Tomb 46
1.5.1. Graffiti in the Tomb of Jason 46
1.5.2. Pottery and Other Minor Finds: the Jerusalem Citadel,
Marissa, Samaria and Qumran 48
1.5.3. The Numismatic Evidence 52
1.6. Dating the Tomb of Jason 54
II THE TOMB OF ZADOK -
ITS LEGACY TO THE QUMRAN MOVEMENT
2.1. The Tomb of Zadok, according to the Copper Scroll (3Q15) 57
2.2. The Death of the Righteous 60
III THE PROTO-HISTORY OF THE QUMRAN -
COMMUNITY IN CONNECTION WITH EGYPT
3.1. Qumran - Genizoth and Hidden Manuscripts 65
3.2. The Use of Jars for Storing Manuscripts 73
IV THE TEMPLE OF ONIAS AT LEONTOPOLIS
4.1. The Jewish Temple at Elephantine -
the Predecessor of the Temple at Leontopolis 83
4.2. The Asylum of the Oniads in Egypt 87
4.3. The Founder of the Temple: Onias III or Onias IV? 88
14
Archaeology of the Hidden Qumran
4.4. The Site of the Temple: the City of the Sun -
the City of Righteousness 95
4.5. The Identity of Zadok and the Teacher of Righteousness 98
V BREAKING THE DEUTERONOMIC LAWS
5.1. The Samaritan and Zadokite Contacts 101
5.2. The Tower and the Temple in the “New Jerusalem” 105
5.2.1. Interpreting the Function of the Archaeological Remains 105
5.2.2. The Architectural Parallels of Towers 106
5.2.3. The Ideological Significance of a Tower 112
5.3. The Temple and the Valid Sacrifices 114
VI PARALLELS WITH THE HELLENISTIC MYSTERY CULTS IN EGYPT
6.1. The Major Cosmic Elements in the Qumran Religion 116
6.2. Pythagoreans and Lacedaemonians 119
6.3. The Alexandrian Mysteries 123
6.4. Connections with Serapis and Taurus 124
6.5. Religious Guilds and Temple Associations 127
VII THE QUMRAN SETTLEMENT
7.1. The Settlement in its Environmental Context 133
7.2. The Economic Function of the Settlement 139
7.3. The Main Strata 146
7.4. The Herodian Hiatus in the Light of
the Environmental Evidence 148
VIII THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL
ORIENTATIONS OF THE QUMRAN STRUCTURES
8.1. Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Buildings 154
8.2. The Geographical Orientations of the Qumran Settlement 157
8.3. Archaeoastronomy and the Qumran Settlement 163
8.4. The Religious Significance of the Stars
and Stellar Constellations 168
IX TIME AND COSMOS
9.1. The Solar Calendar from Egypt 171
9.2. The Length of the Solar Year in the Qumran Calendar 172
9.3. The Religious Roots of the Qumran Calendar 177
9.4. Gates and Portals - Sundials and Calendars in Stone? 181
X MATERIALIZING COSMIC SYMBOLISM
10.1. The Solar Symbols in Clay 191
10.2. Reflections from Pre-Exilic Judah 199
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10.3. The Sun and the Pyramid Symbolism 204
10.4. The Qumran Water Purifications, the Purity and the Nile Cult 207
XI MAGIC AND HEALING AMONG THE ESSENES
11.1. The Copper Scroll and Incised Magical Amulets 217
11.2. Magicians and Magical Stones 223
11.3. Apotropaic Stones, Medical Roots and Theology of Healing 225
XII THE “QUMRAN TEMPLE” AND ITS FUNCTION
12.1. The Question of the “Qumran Temple” Reconsidered 231
12.2. The Religious Functions in the “Qumran Temple” 237
XIII ESSENE CEMETERIES AND BURIAL CUSTOMS
13.1. The Qumran Cemetery and its Topography 241
13.2. The Grave Types - a Typological Approach 245
13.3. The Origin and Symbolism of the Shaft Grave Type 252
13.4. Secondary Burials or Evidence of a Massacre ? 254
13.5. The Conclusions of the Grave Evidence 258
XIV POPULATION AND MORTALITY
14.1. Research of the Qumran Cemetery and the Number of Graves 260
14.2. Palaeodemography 261
14.3. Morphotypes and the Question of Ethnicity 271
XV SUMMARY 273
XVI APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Astronomy 281
Appendix 2: Astronomical Appendix to the Qumran Calendar 283
Appendix 3: The Essene Burials 292
XVII SOURCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY, GLOSSARY AND INDECES
Sources and Bibliography 297
Glossary 336
Index for authors and scholars (including ancient authors) 348
Index for selected Greek words and terms 358
Index for selected Hebrew and Aramaic words and terms 360
Index, general 361