The importance of cotton can be judged from the fact that it is commercially grown in more than 80 countries across the world and is the mainstay of many economies. Cotton is cultivated on an area of about 34 million ha worldwide. Globally, 28.67 million farmers are engaged in cotton cultivation, of which 82.1% farmers belong to India, China, Pakistan and Uzbekistan. These Asian countries contribute nearly 56 per cent to the global cotton production. Currently, 52 cotton species have been recognized, of which four namely G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum and G. herbaceum are commercially cultivated. G. hirsutum, also known as Upland/American cotton is the predominantly grown cotton species and occupies nearly 98% of the global cotton acreage. During the pre-independence period, India produced short and medium staple cottons. Today, cotton fibres with varying staple lengths, from nonspinnable coarse to medium, long, extra long, and superfine cotton for spinning 6’s to 120’s counts are produced. Tremendous strides in cotton production have been made since independence. A milestone in Indian cotton improvement programme was successful exploitation of hybrid vigour and standardization of hybrid seed production system. The first cotton hybrid H4 was released in 1971 and successfully commercialized. Thereafter, large number of public and private sector hybrids have been released in the country. In fact, India has been a leader in the development and commercial cultivation of cotton hybrids in the world. India boasts of the maximum cotton acreage of 12-13 million ha globally and is the leader in cotton production (6.3 MT) with nearly 25 per cent contribution in global cotton production. However, a glance at the cotton productivity levels shows that India does not even figure among the top 20 countries. India recorded cotton productivity of 487 kg lint per ha as compared to the global average of 761 kg lint per ha. Thus, cotton is facing serious challenges of lower productivity. Cotton: Some Insights gives an overview of some of the challenges as well as the recent advances in cotton genomics and proteomics.