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LEADER: 06965namaa2200421uu 450
001 http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32530
005 20161231
020 $agup2011-464
024 7 $a10.17875/gup2011-464$cdoi
041 0 $aGerman
042 $adc
072 7 $aGPS$2bicssc
072 7 $aJM$2bicssc
072 7 $aJMA$2bicssc
072 7 $aMBNS$2bicssc
100 1 $aErtel, Suitbert,$4auth
245 10 $aKomplexität modellieren - Faktorenanalyse am Scheideweg
260 $bUniversitätsverlag Göttingen$c2011
506 0 $aOpen Access$2star$fUnrestricted online access
520 $aThe present study aims at disclosing a methodological prejudice which has misled factor analysis since its beginning. Simple structure, the guiding principle for factor rotation (Thurstone, 1935/1947), is regarded as a questionable dogma. The Thurstone principle impedes the discovery of latent sources of variance on which manifest empirical variables are based. This criticism is elucidated by theoretical considerations and by verbatim quotations of critical authors. The present calamity of factorial research is deemed to be due to general flaws of methodical reasoning. One-sided mathematical formalization in the discipline has lost its objectives by ignoring ordinary sources of knowledge and linguistic processing. The problem of simple structure cannot be solved by circumplex- and structural equation procedures which suffer from the same flaws as simple structure modelling. A paradigm change is overdue. An alternative factor transformation modeling complex structures is demanded, it will be delineated in chapter 2. This chapter is a sequel of chapter 1 (Ertel, 2009) in which varimax, the procedure of factor rotation commonly used to generate simple structure, is replaced with varimin. Varimin aims at manifesting interacting aspects of latent structural components. The model of complexity which is outlined by initial factor extractions is optimized. The new method raises a number of issues of which five are discussed at length. Are varimin factors interpretable Can latent sources of covariance, being complex already by initial solutions, be rendered more complex? Have simple structure solutions in common practice not been tolerable, to say the least? Varimin factor loadings are often bipolar. How to interpret the bipolarity of varimin factors? Does varimin reveal contributions of variance originating from methodical sources? Ten empirical applications of varimin transformation serve as examples. Particular features of transformation to complex structure, revealing latent sources of covariance (by varimin), are compared with pertinent results obtained from transformations to simple structure (by varimax). Varimax will remain useful merely for clustering objectives. Attention is also drawn to limitations of the methodical innovation. Eighteen matrices with intercorrelations of eight subtest variables of the intelligence test I-S-T, widely used in Germany, were subjected to principal component analysis, the resulting factors were rotated by varimin towards optimal complex structure. The 18 varimin solutions were aggregated, two factors resulted: Varimin-F1 represented a general factor g (‘general or basic intelligence’), varimin-F2 represented an achievement-modifying factor, obviously dependent on preceding educational training and learning (‘learning assets’, l). The validity of varimin-F1, general intelligence, was ascertained by high correlations between g and test scores of general intelligence, operationalized by culture-free tests CFT und FRT. The interpretation of varimin-F2 found support by significant correlations with learning-dependent school grades and scores in orthography and arithmetic. The 18 PCA-factors were also transformed by varimax to simple structure. This transformation caused a splitting up of initial g into two seemingly separate factors, called ‘fluid’ and ‘crystallized’ intelligence by convention. In addition, differences between varimax F1 (fluid) and F2 (crystallized) regarding correlations with external criteria (general intelligence vs. school grades, training scores in orthography and arithmetic) which should have emerged were missing. The aggregate of varimax results yielded an unexpected third factor with considerable weight which, however, turned out to be an artifact of simple structure. Apparently, simple structure modelling of intelligence test data blends general intelligence with learning effects. Rotation of intelligence data to simple structure does not reveal, as it should, independent c
520 $aEin fataler Fehler der konventionellen Psychometrie wird in dieser Monographie aufgedeckt. Das Prinzip der Einfachstruktur, an dem sich seit den Anfängen der Faktorenanalyse alle Varianten der Rotation extrahierter Faktoren ausgerichtet haben, geht an der empirischen Realität vorbei. Das „Simple Structure“-Prinzip zwingt die Variablen einer multivariaten Untersuchung in ein monokausales Korsett und hindert sie daran, die tatsächlich vorliegende Komplexität latenter Komponenten zu entfalten. Dies ist der Grund, warum faktorenanalytische Ergebnisse durchweg theoretisch fruchtlos blieben und eher Unbehagen als Zufriedenheit mit sich brachten. Mit den später entwickelten konfirmatorischen Verfahren, die am realitätsfremden Ideal der Einfachstruktur festhielten, wurde keine Wende erzielt. Eine Wende aber stellt sich ein, sobald man sich dazu entschließt, bei der Rotation von Faktoren das scheinbar unverzichtbare Prinzip der Einfachstruktur aufzugeben und mehrfaktorielle Komplexität der Variablen unbeschränkt zuzulassen. Dazu dient in der statistischen Praxis das vom Verfasser entwickelte Rotationsverfahren Varimin. Die Ergebnisse von Varimin-Analysen, die in diesem Buch beschrieben werden, übertreffen die Ergebnisse von Einfachstruktur-Analysen (Varimax) an Deutbarkeit, Stabilität, und - scheinbar paradoxerweise – sogar auch an Einfachheit.
540 $aCreative Commons$fby-nd/3.0/de$2cc$4http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de
546 $aGerman
650 7 $aResearch methods: general$2bicssc
650 7 $aPsychology$2bicssc
650 7 $aPsychological theory & schools of thought$2bicssc
650 7 $aEpidemiology & medical statistics$2bicssc
653 $aEpidemiology and medical statistics
653 $aResearch methods: general
653 $aPsychology
653 $aPsychological theory and schools of thought
653 $aFaktorenanalyse
653 $aIntelligenz
653 $aKorrelation
653 $aRotationsverfahren (Statistik)
653 $aVarianz (Stochastik)
856 40 $awww.oapen.org$uhttps://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/7d7a59a5-6bf3-4708-b266-e5fdaf6ea90d/610320.pdf$70$zOAPEN Library: download the publication
856 40 $awww.oapen.org$uhttp://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32530$70$zOAPEN Library: description of the publication