MARC Record from marc_columbia

LEADER: 20663cam a2200457 a 4500
001 7952712
005 20221201045820.0
008 090911t20112011mauab 001 0 eng
010 $a 2009036693
020 $a9781429219624 (hardcover)
020 $a1429219629 (hardcover)
020 $a9781429246453 (pbk. : v. 1 )
020 $a1429246456 (pbk. : v. 1 )
020 $a9781429246446 (pbk. : v. 2 )
020 $a1429246448 (pbk. : v. 2 )
020 $a9781429246477 (pbk. : v. 3)
020 $a1429246472 (pbk. : v. 3)
020 $a9781429246460 (instructor's ed.)
020 $a1429246464 (instructor's ed.)
035 $a(OCoLC)ocn368046231
035 $a(NNC)7952712
035 $a7952712
040 $aDLC$cDLC$dNNC$dOrLoB-B
050 00 $aQH308.2$b.L565 2011
082 00 $a570$222
245 00 $aLife :$bthe science of biology /$c[edited by] David Sadava .. [and others].
250 $a9th ed.
260 $aSunderland, Mass. :$bSinauer Associates ;$aGordonsville, Va. :$bW. H. Freeman & Co.,$c[2011], ©2011.
300 $axliv, 1266 :$billustrations (chiefly color), color maps ;$c29 cm
336 $atext$btxt$2rdacontent
337 $aunmediated$bn$2rdamedia
505 00 $gPART ONE.$tTHE SCIENCE OF LIFE AND ITS CHEMICAL BASIS -- $g1.$tStudying Life -- $g1.1.$tWhat is Biology? -- $tCells are the basic unit of life -- $tAll of life shares a common evolutionary history -- $tBiological information is contained in a genetic language common to all organisms -- $tCells use nutrients to supply energy and to build new structures -- $tLiving organisms regulate their internal environment -- $tLiving organisms interact with one another -- $tDiscoveries in biology can be generalized -- $g1.2.$tHow is All Life on Earth Related? -- $tLife arose from non-life via chemical evolution -- $tCellular structure evolved in the common ancestor of life -- $tPhotosynthesis changed the course of evolution -- $tEukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes -- $tMulticellularity arose and cells became specialized -- $tBiologists can trace the evolutionary tree of life -- $tThe tree of life is predictive -- $g1.3.$tHow Do Biologists Investigate Life? -- $tObservation is an important skill -- $tThe scientific method combines observation and logic -- $tGood experiments have the potential to falsify hypotheses -- $tStatistical methods are essential scientific tools -- $tNot all forms of inquiry are scientific -- $g1.4.$tHow Does Biology Influence Public Policy? -- $g2.$tSmall Molecules and the Chemistry of Life -- $g2.1.$tHow Does Atomic Structure Explain the Properties of Matter? -- $tAn element consists of only one kind of atom -- $tEach element has a different number of protons -- $tThe number of neutrons differs among isotopes -- $tThe behavior of electrons determines chemical bonding and geometry -- $g2.2.$tHow Do Atoms Bond to Form Molecules? -- $tCovalent bonds consist of shared pairs of electrons -- $tIonic bonds form by electrical attraction -- $tHydrogen bonds may form within or between molecules with polar covalent bonds -- $tPolar and nonpolar substances: Each interacts best with its own kind -- $g2.3.$tHow Do Atoms Change Partners in Chemical Reactions? -- $g2.4.$tWhat Makes Water So Important for Life? -- $tWater has a unique structure and special properties -- $tWater is an excellent solvent---the medium of life -- $tAqueous solutions may be acidic or basic -- $tAn Overview and a Preview -- $g3.$tProteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids -- $g3.1.$tWhat Kinds of Molecules Characterize Living Things? -- $tFunctional groups give specific properties to biological molecules -- $tIsomers have different arrangements of the same atoms -- $tThe structures of macromolecules reflect their functions -- $tMost macromolecules are formed by condensation and broken down by hydrolysis -- $g3.2.$tWhat Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Proteins? -- $tAmino acids are the building blocks of proteins -- $tPeptide linkages from the backbone of a protein -- $tThe primary structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence -- $tThe secondary structure of a protein requires hydrogen bonding -- $tThe tertiary structure of a protein is formed by bending and folding -- $tThe quaternary structure of a protein consists of subunits -- $tShape and surface chemistry contribute to protein function -- $tEnvironmental conditions affect protein structure -- $tMolecular chaperones help shape proteins -- $g3.3.$tWhat Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Carbohydrates? -- $tMonosaccharides are simple sugars -- $tGlycosidic linkages bond monosaccharides -- $tPolysaccharides store energy and provide structural materials -- $tChemically modified carbohydrates contain additional functional groups -- $g3.4.$tWhat Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Lipids? -- $tFats and oils are hydrophobic -- $tPhospholipids form biological membranes -- $tLipids have roles in energy conversion, regulation, and protection -- $g4.$tNucleic Acids and the Origin of Life -- $g4.1.$tWhat Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Nucleic Acids? -- $tNucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids -- $tBase pairing occurs in both DNA and RNA -- $tDNA carries information and is expressed through RNA -- $tThe DNA base sequence reveals evolutionary relationships -- $tNucleotides have other important roles -- $g4.2.$tHow and Where Did the Small Molecules of Life Originate? -- $tExperiments disproved spontaneous generation of life -- $tLife began in water -- $tLife may have come from outside Earth -- $tPrebiotic synthesis experiments model the early Earth -- $g4.3.$tHow Did the Large Molecules of Life Originate? -- $tChemical evolution may have led to polymerization -- $tThere are two theories for the emergence of nucleic acids, proteins, and complex chemistry -- $tRNA may have been the first biological catalyst -- $g4.4.$tHow Did the First Cells Originate? -- $tExperiments describe the origin of cells -- $tSome ancient cells left a fossil imprint -- $gPart TWO.$tCELLS -- $g5.$tCells: The Working Units of Life -- $g5.1.$tWhat Features Make Cells the Fundamental Units of Life? -- $tCell size is limited by the surface area-to-volume ratio -- $tMicroscopes reveal the features of cells -- $tThe plasma membrane forms the outer surface of every cell -- $tAll cells are classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic -- $g5.2.$tWhat Features Characterize Prokaryotic Cells? -- $tProkaryotic cells share certain features -- $tSpecialized features are found in some prokaryotes -- $g5.3.$tWhat Features Characterize Eukaryotic Cells? -- $tCompartmentalization is the key to eukaryotic cell function -- $tOrganelles can be studied by microscopy or isolated for chemical analysis -- $tRibosomes are factories for protein synthesis -- $tThe nucleus contains most of the genetic information -- $tThe endomembrane system is a group of interrelated organelles -- $tSome organelles transform energy -- $tThere are several other membrane-enclosed organelles -- $tThe cytoskeleton is important in cell structure and movement -- $g5.4.$tWhat Are the Roles of Extracellular Structures? -- $tThe plant cell wall is an extracellular structure -- $tThe extracellular matrix supports tissue functions in animals -- $g5.5.$tHow Did Eukaryotic Cells Originate? -- $tInternal membranes and the nuclear envelope probably came from the plasma membrane -- $tSome organelles arose by endosymbiosis -- $g6.$tCell Membranes -- $g6.1.$tWhat is the Structure of a Biological Membrane? -- $tLipids form the hydrophobic core of the membrane -- $tMembrane proteins are asymmetrically distributed -- $tMembranes are constantly changing -- $tPlasma membrane carbohydrates are recognition sites -- $g6.2.$tHow is the Plasma Membrane Involved in Cell Adhesion and Recognition? -- $tCell recognition and cell adhesion involve proteins at the cell surface -- $tThree types of cell junctions connect adjacent cells -- $tCell membranes adhere to the extracellular matrix -- $g6.3.$tWhat Are the Passive Processes of Membrane Transport? -- $tDiffusion is the process of random movement toward a state of equilibrium -- $tSimple diffusion takes place through the phospholipid bilayer -- $tOsmosis is the diffusion of water across membranes -- $tDiffusion may be aided by channel proteins -- $tCarrier proteins aid diffusion by binding substances -- $g6.4.$tWhat are the Active Processes of Membrane Transport? -- $tActive transport is directional -- $tDifferent energy sources distinguish different active transport systems -- $g6.5.$tHow Do Large Molecules Enter and Leave a Cell? -- $tMacromolecules and particles enter the cell by endocytosis -- $tReceptor-mediated endocytosis is highly specific -- $tExocytosis moves materials out of the cell -- $g6.6.$tWhat Are Some Other Functions of Membranes? -- $g7.$tCell Signaling and Communication -- $g7.1.$tWhat Are Signals, and How Do Cells Respond to Them? -- $tCells receive signals from the physical environment and from other cells -- $tA signal transduction pathway involves a signal, a receptor, and responses -- $g7.2.$tHow Do Signal Receptors Initiate a Cellular Response? -- $tReceptors have specific binding sites for their signals -- $tReceptors can be classified by location and function -- $g7.3.$tHow is the Response to a Signal Transduced through the Cell? --
505 80 $tA protein kinase cascade amplifies a response to ligand binding -- $tSecond messengers can stimulate protein kinase cascades -- $tSecond messengers can be derived from lipids -- $tCalcium ions are involved in many signal transduction pathways -- $tNitric oxide can act in signal transduction -- $tSignal transduction is highly regulated -- $g7.4.$tHow Do Cells Change in Response to Signals? -- $tIon channels open in response to signals -- $tEnzyme activities change in response to signals -- $tSignals can initiate DNA transcription -- $g7.5.$tHow Do Cells Communicate Directly? -- $tAnimal cells communicate by gap junctions -- $tPlant cells communicate by plasmodesmata -- $gPART THREE.$tCELLS AND ENERGY -- $g8.$tEnergy, Enzymes, and Metabolism -- $g8.1.$tWhat Physical Principles Underlie Biological Energy Transformations? -- $tThere are two basic types of energy and of metabolism -- $tThe first law of thermodynamics: Energy is neither created nor destroyed -- $tThe second law of thermodynamics: Disorder tends to increase -- $tChemical reactions release or consume energy -- $tChemical equilibrium and free energy are related -- $g8.2.$tWhat is the Role of ATP in Biochemical Energetics? -- $tATP hydrolysis releases energy -- $tATP couples exergonic and endergonic reactions -- $g8.3.$tWhat Are Enzymes? -- $tTo speed up a reaction, an energy barrier must be overcome -- $tEnzymes bind specific reactants at their active sites -- $tEnzymes lower the energy barrier but do not affect equilibrium -- $g8.4.$tHow Do Enzymes Work? -- $tEnzymes can orient substrates -- $tEnzymes can induce strain in the substrate -- $tEnzymes can temporarily add chemical groups to substrates -- $tMolecular structure determines enzyme function -- $tSome enzymes require other molecules in order to function -- $tThe substrate concentration affects the reaction rate -- $g8.5.$tHow Are Enzyme Activities Regulated? -- $tEnzymes can be regulated by inhibitors -- $tAllosteric enzymes control their activity by changing shape -- $tAllosteric effects regulate metabolism -- $tEnzymes are affected by their environment -- $g9.$tPathways that Harvest Chemical Energy -- $g9.1.$tHow Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? -- $tCells trap free energy while metabolizing glucose -- $tRedox reactions transfer electrons and energy -- $tThe coenzyme NAD+ is a key electron carrier in redox reactions -- $tAn overview: Harvesting energy from glucose -- $g9.2.$tWhat Are the Aerobic Pathways of Glucose Metabolism? -- $tThe energy-investing reactions 1-5 of glycolysis require ATP -- $tThe energy-harvesting reactions 6-10 of glycolysis yield NADH and ATP -- $tPyruvate oxidation links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle -- $tThe citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of glucose to CO2 -- $tThe citric acid cycle is regulated by the concentrations of starting materials -- $g9.3.$tHow Does Oxidative Phosphorylation Form ATP? -- $tThe respiratory chain transfers electrons and releases energy -- $tProton diffusion is coupled to ATP synthesis -- $g9.4.$tHow is Energy Harvested from Glucose in the Absence of Oxygen? -- $tCellular respiration yields much more energy than fermentation -- $tThe yield of ATP is reduced by the impermeability of some mitochondria to NADH -- $g9.5.$tHow are Metabolic Pathways Interrelated and Regulated? -- $tCatabolism and anabolism are linked -- $tCatabolism and anabolism are integrated -- $tMetabolic pathways are regulated systems -- $g10.$tPhotosynthesis: Energy from Sunlight -- $g10.1.$tWhat Is Photosynthesis? -- $tExperiments with isotopes show that in photosynthesis O2 comes from H2O -- $tPhotosynthesis involves two pathways -- $g10.2.$tHow Does Photosynthesis Convert Light Energy into Chemical Energy? -- $tLight is a form of energy with dual properties -- $tMolecules become excited when they absorb photons -- $tAbsorbed wavelengths correlate with biological activity -- $tSeveral pigments absorb energy for photosynthesis -- $tLight absorption results in photochemical change -- $tExcited chlorophylls in the reaction center act as electron donors -- $tReduction leads to electron transport -- $tNoncyclic electron transport produces ATPand NADPH -- $tCyclic electron transport produces ATP but no NADPH -- $tChemiosmosis is the source of the ATP produced in photophosphorylation -- $g10.3.$tHow is Chemical Energy Used to Synthesize Carbohydrates? -- $tRadioisotope labeling experiments revealed the steps of the Calvin cycle -- $tThe Calvin cycle is made up of three processes -- $tLight stimulates the Calvin cycle -- $g10.4.$tHow Do Plants Adapt to the Inefficiencies of Photosynthesis? -- $tRubisco catalyzes the reaction of RuBP with O2 or CO2 -- $tC3 plants undergo photorespiration but C4 plants do not -- $tCAM plants also use PEP carboxylase -- $g10.5.$tHow Does Photosynthesis Interact with Other Pathways? -- $gPART FOUR.$tGENES AND HEREDITY -- $g11.$tThe Cell Cycle and Cell Division -- $g11.1.$tHow Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide? -- $tProkaryotes divide by binary fission -- $tEukaryotic cells divide by mitosis or meiosis followed by cytokinesis -- $g11.2.$tHow is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled? -- $tSpecific signals trigger events in the cell cycle -- $tGrowth factors can stimulate cells to divide -- $g11.3.$tWhat Happens during Mitosis? -- $tPrior to mitosis, eukaryotic DNA is packed into very compact chromosomes -- $tOverview: Mitosis segregates copies of genetic information -- $tThe centrosomes determine the plane of cell division -- $tThe spindle begins to form during prophase -- $tChromosome separation and movement are highly organized -- $tCytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm -- $g11.4.$tWhat Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life Cycle? -- $tAsexual reproduction by mitosis results in genetic constancy -- $tSexual reproduction by meiosis results in genetic diversity -- $tThe number, shapes, and sizes of the metaphase chromosomes constitute the karyotype -- $g11.5.$tWhat Happens during Meiosis? -- $tMeiotic division reduces the chromosome number -- $tChromatid exchanges during meiosis I generate genetic diversity -- $tDuring meiosis homologous chromosomes separate by independent assortment -- $tMeiotic errors lead to abnormal chromosome structures and numbers -- $tPolyploids have more than two complete sets of chromosomes -- $g11.6.$tIn a Living Organism, How Do Cells Die? -- $g11.7.$tHow Does Unregulated Cell Division Lead to Cancer? -- $tCancer cells differ from normal cells -- $tCancer cells lose control over the cell cycle and apoptosis -- $tCancer treatments target the cell cycle -- $g12.$tInheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes -- $g12.1.$tWhat Are the Mendelian Laws of Inheritance? -- $tMendel brought new methods to experiments on inheritance -- $tMendel devised a careful research plan -- $tMendel's first experiments involved monohybrid crosses -- $tAlleles are different forms of a gene -- $tMendel's first law says that the two copies of a gene segregate -- $tMendel verified his hypothesis by performing a test cross -- $tMendel's second law says that copies of different genes assort independently -- $tPunnett squares or probability calculations: A choice of methods -- $tMendel's laws can be observed in human pedigrees -- $g12.2.$tHow Do Alleles Interact? -- $tNew alleles arise by mutation -- $tMany genes have multiple alleles -- $tDominance is not always complete -- $tIn codominance, both alleles at a locus are expressed -- $tSome alleles have multiple phenotypic effects -- $g12.3.$tHow Do Genes Interact? -- $tHybrid vigor results from new gene combinations and interactions -- $tThe environment affects gene action -- $tMost complex phenotypes are determined by multiple genes and the environment -- $g12.4.$tWhat is the Relationship between Genes and Chromosomes? -- $tGenes on the same chromosome are linked -- $tGenes can be exchanged between chromatids -- $tGeneticists can make maps of chromosomes -- $tLinkage is revealed by studies of the sex chromosomes -- $tGenes on sex chromosomes are inherited in special ways -- $tHumans display many sex-linked characters -- $g12.5.$tWhat Are the Effects of Genes Outside the Nucleus? --
505 80 $g12.6.$tHow Do Prokaryotes Transmit Genes? -- $tBacteria exchange genes by conjugation -- $tPlasmids transfer genes between bacteria -- $g13.$tDNA and Its Role in Heredity -- $g13.1.$tWhat is the Evidence that the Gene is DNA? -- $tDNA from one type of bacterium genetically transforms another type -- $tThe transforming principle is DNA -- $tViral replication experiments confirmed that DNA is the genetic material -- $tEukaryotic cells can also be genetically transformed by DNA -- $g13.2.$tWhat is the Structure of DNA? -- $tThe chemical composition of DNA was known -- $tWatson and Crick described the double helix -- $tFour key features define DNA structure -- $tThe double-helical structure of DNA is essential to its function -- $g13.3.$tHow is DNA Replicated? -- $tThree modes of DNA replication appeared possible -- $tAn elegant experiment demonstrated that DNA replication is semiconservative -- $tThere are two steps in DNA replication -- $tDNA polymerases add nucleotides to the growing chain -- $tMany other proteins assist with DNA polymerization -- $tTelomeres are not fully replicated and are prone to repair -- $g13.4.$tHow Are Errors in DNA Repaired? -- $g13.5.$tHow Does the Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplify DNA? -- $tThe polymerase chain reaction makes multiple copies of DNA sequences -- $g14.$tFrom DNA to Protein: Gene Expression -- $g14.1.$tWhat is the Evidence that Genes Code for Proteins? -- $tObservations in humans led to the proposal that genes determine enzymes -- $tExperiments on bread mold established that genes determine enzymes -- $tOne gene determines one polypeptide -- $g14.2.$tHow Does Information Flow from Genes to Proteins? -- $tRNA differs from DNA and plays a vital role in gene expression -- $tTwo hypotheses were proposed to explain information flow from DNA to protein -- $tRNA viruses are exceptions to the central dogma -- $g14.3.$tHow is the Information Content in DNA Transcribed to Produce RNA? -- $tRNA polymerases share common features -- $tTranscription occurs in three steps -- $tThe information for protein synthesis lies in the genetic code -- $g14.4.$tHow is Eukaryotic DNA Transcribed and the RNA Processed? -- $tEukaryotic genes have noncoding sequences -- $tEukaryotic gene transcripts are processed before translation -- $g14.5.$tHow is RNA Translated into Proteins? -- $tTransfer RNAs carry specific amino acids and bind to specific codons -- $tActivating enzymes link the right tRNAs and amino acids -- $tThe ribosome is the workbench for translation -- $tTranslation takes place in three steps -- $tPolysome formation increases the rate of protein synthesis -- $g14.6.$tWhat Happens to Polypeptides after Translation? -- $tSignal sequences in proteins direct them to their cellular destinations.
500 $aIncludes index.
650 0 $aBiology.$0http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014203
700 1 $aSadava, David E.$0http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n92072328
852 00 $bsci$hQH308.2$i.L565 2011
852 00 $bsci$hQH308.2$i.L565 2011
852 00 $boff,sci$hQH308.2$i.L565 2011
852 00 $bsci$hQH308.2$i.L565 2011