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001 ocn824087979
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008 130109s2014 maua b 001 0 eng
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020 $a9780321762436$q(hardcover (student ed.))
020 $a0321762436$q(hardcover (student ed.))
020 $a9780321905376$q(paper (a la carte))
020 $a0321905377$q(paper (a la carte))
020 $a9780321902641$q(hardcover (instructor ed.))
020 $a0321902645$q(hardcover (instructor ed.))
020 $a9780321851499
020 $a0321851498
035 $a(OCoLC)824087979$z(OCoLC)830395095$z(OCoLC)875395900$z(OCoLC)876588826$z(OCoLC)898048258$z(OCoLC)960911379$z(OCoLC)961892590$z(OCoLC)962365439$z(OCoLC)1002850587$z(OCoLC)1005165137$z(OCoLC)1005825801
042 $apcc
050 00 $aQH506$b.M6627 2014
060 00 $a2013 E-962
060 10 $aQU 475
082 00 $a572/.33$223
245 00 $aMolecular biology of the gene /$cJames D. Watson, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Tania A. Baker, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stephen P. Bell, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Alexander Gann, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Michael Levine, University of California, Berkeley, Richard Losick, Harvard University.
250 $aSeventh edition.
264 1 $aBoston :$bPearson,$c[2014]
300 $axxxiv, 872 pages :$billustrations (some colours) ;$c28 cm
336 $atext$btxt$2rdacontent
337 $aunmediated$bn$2rdamedia
338 $avolume$bnc$2rdacarrier
504 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index.
520 $aNow completely up-to-date with the latest research advances, the Seventh Edition retains the distinctive character of earlier editions. Twenty-two concise chapters, co-authored by six highly distinguished biologists, provide current, authoritative coverage of an exciting, fast-changing discipline.
505 0 $aPart I. History -- Mendelian View of the World -- Nucleic Acids Convey Genetic Information -- Part II. Structure and study of macromolecules -- Weak and strong chemical bonds -- The Structure of DNA -- The Structure of RNA -- The Structure of Proteins and Protein: Nucleic Acid Interactions -- Techniques of Molecular Biology -- Part III. Maintenance of the genome -- Genome Structure, Chromatin and the Nucleosome -- The Replication of DNA -- The Mutability and Repair of DNA -- Homologous Recombination at the Molecular Level -- Site Specific Recombination and Transposition of DNA -- Part IV. Expression of the genome -- Mechanisms of Transcription -- RNA Splicing -- Translation -- The Genetic Code -- Origins and early evolution of life -- Part V. Regulation -- Transcriptional Regulation in Prokaryotes -- Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes -- Regulatory RNAs -- Gene Regulation in Development and Evolution -- Systems Biology -- Appendices -- Model Organisms -- Answers.
650 0 $aMolecular biology$vTextbooks.
650 0 $aMolecular genetics$vTextbooks.
650 12 $aGenetic Phenomena
650 22 $aGenetic Structures
650 22 $aGenetic Techniques
650 22 $aMolecular Biology$xmethods
650 4 $aMolecular Biology$xmethods.
650 4 $aGenetic Processes.
650 4 $aMolecular genetics$vTextbooks.
650 4 $aGenetic Structures.
650 4 $aGenetic Techniques.
650 7 $aMolecular biology.$2fast$0(OCoLC)fst01024734
650 7 $aMolecular genetics.$2fast$0(OCoLC)fst01024797
650 7 $aMolekularbiologie$2gnd
650 7 $aMolecular genetics.$2nli
655 7 $aTextbooks.$2fast$0(OCoLC)fst01423863
700 1 $aWatson, James D.,$d1928-
856 48 $uhttp://partners.lib.uci.edu/honor-with-books.html$zHonor with Books
880 00 $6505-00/(S$gMachine generated contents note:$gpt. 1$tHISTORY --$g1.$tMendelian View of the World --$tMendel's Discoveries --$tPrinciple of Independent Segregation --$gAdvanced Concepts Box 1-1$tMendelian Laws --$tSome Alleles Are neither Dominant nor Recessive --$tPrinciple of Independent Assortment --$tChromosomal Theory Of Heredity --$tGene Linkage And Crossing Over --$tKey Experiments Box 1-2 Genes Are Linked to Chromosomes --$tChromosome Mapping --$tOrigin Of Genetic Variability Through Mutations --$tEarly Speculations About What Genes Are And How They Act --$tPreliminary Attempts To Find A Gene-Protein Relationship --$tSummary --$tBibliography --$tQuestions --$g2.$tNucleic Acids Convey Genetic Information --$tAvery's Bombshell: Dna Can Carry Genetic Specificity --$tViral Genes Are Also Nucleic Acids --$tDouble Helix --$tKey Experiments Box 2-1 Chargaff's Rules --$tFinding the Polymerases That Make DNA --$tExperimental Evidence Favors Strand Separation during DNA Replication --$tGenetic Information Within Dna Is Conveyed By The Sequence Of Its Four Nucleotide Building Blocks --$tKey Experiments Box 2-2 Evidence That Genes Control Amino Acid Sequences in Proteins --$tDNA Cannot Be the Template That Directly Orders Amino Acids during Protein Synthesis --$tRNA Is Chemically Very Similar to DNA --$tCentral Dogma --$tAdaptor Hypothesis of Crick --$tDiscovery of Transfer RNA --$tParadox of the Nonspecific-Appearing Ribosomes --$tDiscovery of Messenger RNA (mRNA) --$tEnzymatic Synthesis of RNA upon DNA Templates --$tEstablishing the Genetic Code --$tEstablishing The Direction Of Protein Synthesis --$tStart and Stop Signals Are Also Encoded within DNA --$tEra Of Genomics --$tSummary --$tBibliography --$tQuestions --$gpt. 2$tSTRUCTURE AND STUDY OF MACROMOLECULES --$g3.$tImportance of Weak and Strong Chemical Bonds --$tCharacteristics Of Chemical Bonds --$tChemical Bonds Are Explainable in Quantum-Mechanical Terms --$tChemical-Bond Formation Involves a Change in the Form of Energy --$tEquilibrium between Bond Making and Breaking --$tConcept Of Free Energy --$tKeq Is Exponentially Related to ΔG --$tCovalent Bonds Are Very Strong --$tWeak Bonds In Biological Systems --$tWeak Bonds Have Energies between 1 and 7 kcal/mol --$tWeak Bonds Are Constantly Made and Broken at Physiological Temperatures --$tDistinction between Polar and Nonpolar Molecules --$tvan der Waals Forces --$tHydrogen Bonds --$tSome Ionic Bonds Are Hydrogen Bonds --$tWeak Interactions Demand Complementary Molecular Surfaces --$tWater Molecules Form Hydrogen Bonds --$tWeak Bonds between Molecules in Aqueous Solutions --$tOrganic Molecules That Tend to Form Hydrogen Bonds Are Water Soluble --$tHydrophobic "Bonds" Stabilize Macromolecules --$gAdvanced Concepts Box 3-1$tUniqueness of Molecular Shapes and the Concept of Selective Stickiness --$tAdvantage of ΔG between 2 and 5 kcal/mol --$tWeak Bonds Attach Enzymes to Substrates --$tWeak Bonds Mediate Most Protein-DNA and Protein-Protein Interactions --$tHigh-Energy Bonds --$tMolecules That Donate Energy Are Thermodynamically Unstable --$tEnzymes Lower Activation Energies In Biochemical Reactions --$tFree Energy In Biomolecules --$tHigh-Energy Bonds Hydrolyze with Large Negative ΔG --$tHigh-Energy Bonds In Biosynthetic Reactions --$tPeptide Bonds Hydrolyze Spontaneously --$tCoupling of Negative with Positive ΔG --$tActivation Of Precursors In Group Transfer Reactions --$tATP Versatility in Group Transfer --$tActivation of Amino Acids by Attachment of AMP --$tNucleic Acid Precursors Are Activated by the Presence of P P --$tValue of P P Release in Nucleic Acid Synthesis --$tP P Splits Characterize Most Biosynthetic Reactions --$tSummary --$tBibliography --$tQuestions --$g4.$tStructure of DNA --$tDNA Structure --$tDNA Is Composed of Polynucleotide Chains --$tEach Base Has Its Preferred Tautomeric Form --$tTwo Strands of the Double Helix Are Wound around Each Other in an Antiparallel Orientation --$tTwo Chains of the Double Helix Have Complementary Sequences --$tDouble Helix Is Stabilized by Base Pairing and Base Stacking --$tHydrogen Bonding Is Important for the Specificity of Base Pairing --$tBases Can Flip Out from the Double Helix --$tDNA Is Usually a Right-Handed Double Helix --$tKey Experiments Box 4-1 DNA Has 10.5 bp per Turn of the Helix in Solution: The Mica Experiment --$tDouble Helix Has Minor and Major Grooves --$tMajor Groove Is Rich in Chemical Information --$tDouble Helix Exists in Multiple Conformations --$tDNA Can Sometimes Form a Left-Handed Helix --$tKey Experiments Box 4-2 How Spots on an X-Ray Film Reveal the Structure of DNA --$tDNA Strands Can Separate (Denature) and Reassociate --$tSome DNA Molecules Are Circles --$tDNA Topology --$tLinking Number Is an Invariant Topological Property of Covalently Closed, Circular DNA --$tLinking Number Is Composed of Twist and Writhe --$tLk Is the Linking Number of Fully Relaxed cccDNA under Physiological Conditions --$tDNA in Cells Is Negatively Supercoiled --$tNucleosomes Introduce Negative Supercoiling in Eukaryotes --$tTopoisomerases Can Relax Supercoiled DNA --$tProkaryotes Have a Special Topoisomerase That Introduces Supercoils into DNA --$tTopoisomerases Also Unknot and Disentangle DNA Molecules --$tTopoisomerases Use a Covalent Protein-DNA Linkage to Cleave and Rejoin DNA Strands --$tTopoisomerases Form an Enzyme Bridge and Pass DNA Segments through Each Other --$tDNA Topoisomers Can Be Separated by Electrophoresis --$tEthidium Ions Cause DNA to Unwind --$tKey Experiments Box 4-3 Proving that DNA Has a Helical Periodicity of 10.5 bp per Turn from the Topological Properties of DNA Rings --$tSummary --$tBibliography --$tQuestions --$g5.$tStructure and Versatility of RNA --$tRNA Contains Ribose And Uracil and Is Usually Single-Stranded --$tRNA Chains Fold Back On Themselves To Form Local Regions Of Double Helix Similar To A-Form DNA --$tRNA Can Fold Up Into Complex Tertiary Structures --$tNucleotide Substitutions In Combination With Chemical Probing Predict RNA Structure --$tMedical Connections Box 5-1 An RNA Switch Controls Protein Synthesis by Murine Leukemia Virus --$tDirected Evolution Selects Rnas That Bind Small Molecules --$tSome RNAs Are Enzymes --$tTechniques Box 5-2 Creating an RNA Mimetic of the Green Fluorescent Protein by Directed Evolution --$tHammerhead Ribozyme Cleaves RNA by the Formation of a 2', 3' Cyclic Phosphate --$tRibozyme at the Heart of the Ribosome Acts on a Carbon Center --$tSummary --$tBibliography --$tQuestions --$g6.$tStructure of Proteins --$tBasics --$tAmino Acids --$tPeptide Bond --$tPolypeptide Chains --$tThree Amino Acids with Special Conformational Properties --$tAdvanced Concept Box 6-1 Ramachandran Plot: Permitted Combinations of Main-Chain Torsion Angles φ and ψ --$tImportance Of Water --$tProtein Structure Can Be Described At Four Levels --$tProtein Domains --$tPolypeptide Chains Typically Fold into One or More Domains --$gAdvanced Concepts Box 6-2$tGlossary of Terms --$tBasic Lessons from the Study of Protein Structures --$tClasses of Protein Domains --$tLinkers and Hinges --$tPost-Translational Modifications --$gAdvanced Concepts Box 6-3$tAntibody Molecule as an Illustration of Protein Domains --$tFrom Amino-Acid Sequence To Three-Dimensional Structure --$tProtein Folding --$tKey Experiments Box 6-4 Three-Dimensional Structure of a Protein Is Specified by Its Amino Acid Sequence (Anfinsen Experiment) --$tPredicting Protein Structure from Amino Acid Sequence --$tConformational Changes In Proteins --$tProteins As Agents Of Specific Molecular Recognition --$tProteins That Recognize DNA Sequence --$tProtein-Protein Interfaces --$tProteins That Recognize RNA --$tEnzymes: Proteins As Catalysts --$tRegulation Of Protein Activity --$tSummary --$tBibliography --$tQuestions --$g7.$tTechniques of Molecular Biology --$tNucleic Acids: Basic Methods --$tGel Electrophoresis Separates DNA and RNA Molecules according to Size --$tRestriction Endonucleases Cleave DNA Molecules at Particular Sites --$tDNA Hybridization Can Be Used to Identify Specific DNA Molecules --$tHybridization Probes Can Identify Electrophoretically Separated DNAs and RNAs --$tIsolation of Specific Segments of DNA --$tDNA Cloning --$tVector DNA Can Be Introduced into Host Organisms by Transformation --$tLibraries of DNA Molecules Can Be Created by Cloning --$tHybridization Can Be Used to Identify a Specific Clone in a DNA Library --$tChemical Synthesis of Defined DNA Sequences --$tPolymerase Chain Reaction Amplifies DNAs by Repeated Rounds of DNA Replication In Vitro --$tNested Sets of DNA Fragments Reveal Nucleotide Sequences --$tTechniques Box 7-1 Forensics and the Polymerase Chain Reaction --$tShotgun Sequencing a Bacterial Genome --$tShotgun Strategy Permits a Partial Assembly of Large Genome Sequences --$tKey Experiments Box 7-2 Sequenators Are Used for High-Throughput Sequencing --$tPaired-End Strategy Permits the Assembly of Large-Genome Scaffolds --$t$1000 Human Genome Is within Reach --$tGenomics --$tBioinformatics Tools Facilitate the Genome-Wide Identification of Protein-Coding Genes --$tWhole-Genome Tiling Arrays Are Used to Visualize the Transcriptome --$tRegulatory DNA Sequences Can Be Identified by Using Specialized Alignment Tools --$tGenome Editing Is Used to Precisely Alter Complex Genomes --$tProteins --$tSpecific Proteins Can Be Purified from Cell Extracts --$tPurification of a Protein Requires a Specific Assay --$tPreparation of Cell Extracts Containing Active Proteins --$tProteins Can Be Separated from One Another Using Column Chromatography --$tSeparation of Proteins on Polyacrylamide Gels --$tAntibodies Are Used to Visualize Electrophoretically Separated Proteins.
880 00 $6505-00/(S$gContents note continued:$tHomologous Recombination In Eukaryotes --$tHomologous Recombination Has Additional Functions in Eukaryotes --$tHomologous Recombination Is Required for Chromosome Segregation during Meiosis --$tProgrammed Generation of Double-Stranded DNA Breaks Occurs during Meiosis --$tMRX Protein Processes the Cleaved DNA Ends for Assembly of the RecA-Like Strand-Exchange Proteins --$tDmcl Is a RecA-Like Protein That Specifically Functions in Meiotic Recombination --$tMany Proteins Function Together to Promote Meiotic Recombination --$tMedical Connections Box 11-2 The Product of the Tumor Suppressor Gene BRCA2 Interacts with Rad51 Protein and Controls Genome Stability --$tMedical Connections Box 11-3 Proteins Associated with Premature Aging and Cancer Promote an Alternative Pathway for Holliday Junction Processing --$tMating-Type Switching --$tMating-Type Switching Is Initiated by a Site-Specific Double-Strand Break --$tMating-Type Switching Is a Gene Conversion Event and Not Associated with Crossing Over --$tGenetic Consequences Of The Mechanism Of Homologous Recombination --$tOne Cause of Gene Conversion Is DNA Repair during Recombination --$tSummary --$tBibliography --$tQuestions --$g12.$tSite-Specific Recombination and Transposition of DNA --$tConservative Site-Specific Recombination --$tSite-Specific Recombination Occurs at Specific DNA Sequences in the Target DNA --$tSite-Specific Recombinases Cleave and Rejoin DNA Using a Covalent Protein-DNA Intermediate --$tSerine Recombinases Introduce Double-Strand Breaks in DNA and Then Swap Strands to Promote Recombination --$tStructure of the Serine Recombinase-DNA Complex Indicates that Subunits Rotate to Achieve Strand Exchange --$tTyrosine Recombinases Break and Rejoin One Pair of DNA Strands at a Time --$tStructures of Tyrosine Recombinases Bound to DNA Reveal the Mechanism of DNA Exchange --$tMedical Connections Box 12-1 Application of Site-Specific Recombination to Genetic Engineering --$tBiological Roles Of Site-Specific Recombination --$tλ Integrase Promotes the Integration and Excision of a Viral Genome into the Host-Cell Chromosome --$tBacteriophage λ Excision Requires a New DNA-Bending Protein --$tHin Recombinase Inverts a Segment of DNA Allowing Expression of Alternative Genes --$tHin Recombination Requires a DNA Enhancer --$tRecombinases Convert Multimeric Circular DNA Molecules into Monomers --$tThere Are Other Mechanisms to Direct Recombination to Specific Segments of DNA --$gAdvanced Concepts Box 12-2$tXer Recombinase Catalyzes the Monomerization of Bacterial Chromosomes and of Many Bacterial Plasmids --$tTransposition --$tSome Genetic Elements Move to New Chromosomal Locations by Transposition --$tThere Are Three Principal Classes of Transposable Elements --$tDNA Transposons Carry a Transposase Gene, Flanked by Recombination Sites --$tTransposons Exist as Both Autonomous and Nonautonomous Elements --$tVirus-Like Retrotransposons and Retroviruses Carry Terminal Repeat Sequences and Two Genes Important for Recombination --$tPoly-A Retrotransposons Look Like Genes --$tDNA Transposition by a Cut-and-Paste Mechanism --$tIntermediate in Cut-and-Paste Transposition is Finished by Gap Repair --$tThere Are Multiple Mechanisms for Cleaving the Nontransferred Strand during DNA Transposition --$tDNA Transposition by a Replicative Mechanism --$tVirus-Like Retrotransposons and Retroviruses Move Using an RNA Intermediate --$tDNA Transposases and Retroviral Integrases Are Members of a Protein Superfamily --$tPoly-A Retrotransposons Move by a "Reverse Splicing" Mechanism --$tExamples Of Transposable Elements And Their Regulation --$tKey Experiments Box 12-3 Maize Elements and Discovery of Transposons --$tIS4 Family Transposons Are Compact Elements with Multiple Mechanisms for Copy Number Control --$tPhage Mu Is an Extremely Robust Transposon --$tMu Uses Target Immunity to Avoid Transposing into Its Own DNA --$tTc 1 /mariner Elements Are Highly Successful DNA Elements in Eukaryotes --$gAdvanced Concepts Box 12-4$tMechanism of Transposition Target Immunity --$tYeast Ty Elements Transpose into Safe Havens in the Genome --$tLINEs Promote Their Own Transposition and Even Transpose Cellular RNAs --$tV(D)J Recombination --$tEarly Events in V(D)J Recombination Occur by a Mechanism Similar to Transposon Excision --$tSummary --$tBibliography --$tQuestions --$gpt. 4$tEXPRESSION OF THE GENOME --$g13.$tMechanisms of Transcription --$tRNA Polymerases And The Transcription Cycle --$tRNA Polymerases Come in Different Forms but Share Many Features --$tTranscription by RNA Polymerase Proceeds in a Series of Steps --$tTranscription Initiation Involves Three Defined Steps --$tTranscription Cycle In Bacteria --$tBacterial Promoters Vary in Strength and Sequence but Have Certain Defining Features --$tTechniques Box 13-1 Consensus Sequences --$tσ Factor Mediates Binding of Polymerase to the Promoter --$tTransition to the Open Complex Involves Structural Changes in RNA Polymerase and in the Promoter DNA --$tTranscription Is Initiated by RNA Polymerase without the Need for a Primer --$tDuring Initial Transcription, RNA Polymerase Remains Stationary and Pulls Downstream DNA into Itself --$tPromoter Escape Involves Breaking Polymerase-Promoter Interactions and Polymerase Core-σ Interactions --$tElongating Polymerase Is a Processive Machine That Synthesizes and Proofreads RNA --$gAdvanced Concepts Box 13-2$tSingle-Subunit RNA Polymerases --$tRNA Polymerase Can Become Arrested and Need Removing --$tTranscription Is Terminated by Signals within the RNA Sequence --$tTranscription In Eukaryotes --$tRNA Polymerase II Core Promoters Are Made Up of Combinations of Different Classes of Sequence Element --$tRNA Polymerase II Forms a Preinitiation Complex with General Transcription Factors at the Promoter --$tPromoter Escape Requires Phosphorylation of the Polymerase "Tail" --$tTBP Binds to and Distorts DNA Using a β Sheet Inserted into the Minor Groove --$tOther General Transcription Factors Also Have Specific Roles in Initiation --$tIn Vivo, Transcription Initiation Requires Additional Proteins, Including the Mediator Complex --$tMediator Consists of Many Subunits, Some Conserved from Yeast to Human --$tNew Set of Factors Stimulates Pol II Elongation and RNA Proofreading --$tElongating RNA Polymerase Must Deal with Histones in Its Path --$tElongating Polymerase Is Associated with a New Set of Protein Factors Required for Various Types of RNA Processing --$tTranscription Termination Is Linked to RNA Destruction by a Highly Processive RNase --$tTranscription By RNA Polymerases I And III --$tRNA Pol I and Pol III Recognize Distinct Promoters but Still Require TBP --$tPol I Transcribes Just the rRNA Genes --$tPol III Promoters Are Found Downstream from the Transcription Start Site --$tSummary --$tBibliography --$tQuestions --$g14.$tRNA Splicing --$tChemistry Of RNA Splicing --$tSequences within the RNA Determine Where Splicing Occurs --$tIntron Is Removed in a Form Called a Lariat as the Flanking Exons Are Joined --$tKey Experiments Box 14-1 Adenovirus and the Discovery of Splicing --$tSpliceosome Machinery --$tRNA Splicing Is Performed by a Large Complex Called the Spliceosome --$tSplicing Pathways --$tAssembly, Rearrangements, and Catalysis within the Spliceosome: The Splicing Pathway --$tSpliceosome Assembly Is Dynamic and Variable and Its Disassembly Ensures That the Splicing Reaction Goes Only Forward in the Cell --$tSelf-Splicing Introns Reveal That RNA Can Catalyze RNA Splicing --$tGroup I Introns Release a Linear Intron Rather Than a Lariat --$tKey Experiments Box 14-2 Converting Group I Introns into Ribozymes --$tHow Does the Spliceosome Find the Splice Sites Reliably--$tVariants Of Splicing --$tExons from Different RNA Molecules Can Be Fused by Trans-Splicing --$tSmall Group of Introns Is Spliced by an Alternative Spliceosome Composed of a Different Set of snRNPs --$tAlternative Splicing --$tSingle Genes Can Produce Multiple Products by Alternative Splicing --$tSeveral Mechanisms Exist to Ensure Mutually Exclusive Splicing --$tCurious Case of the Drosophila Dscam Gene: Mutually Exclusive Splicing on a Grand Scale --$tMutually Exclusive Splicing of Dscam Exon 6 Cannot Be Accounted for by Any Standard Mechanism and Instead Uses a Novel Strategy --$tKey Experiments Box 14-3 Identification of Docking Site and Selector Sequences --$tAlternative Splicing Is Regulated by Activators and Repressors --$tRegulation of Alternative Splicing Determines the Sex of Flies --$tAlternative Splicing Switch Lies at the Heart of Pluripotency --$tExon Shuffling --$tExons Are Shuffled by Recombination to Produce Genes Encoding New Proteins --$tMedical Connections Box 14-4 Defects in Pre-mRNA Splicing Cause Human Disease --$tRNA Editing --$tRNA Editing Is Another Way of Altering the Sequence of an mRNA --$tGuide RNAs Direct the Insertion and Deletion of Uridines --$tMedical Connections Box 14-5 Deaminases and HIV --$tmRNA Transport --$tOnce Processed, mRNA Is Packaged and Exported from the Nucleus into the Cytoplasm for Translation --$tSummary --$tBibliography --$tQuestions --$g15.$tTranslation --$tMessenger RNA --$tPolypeptide Chains Are Specified by Open Reading Frames --$tProkaryotic mRNAs Have a Ribosome-Binding Site That Recruits the Translational Machinery --$tEukaryotic mRNAs Are Modified at their 5' and 3' Ends to Facilitate Translation --$tTransfer RNA --$ttRNAs Are Adaptors between Codons and Amino Acids --$gAdvanced Concepts Box 15-1$tCCA-Adding Enzymes: Synthesizing RNA without a Template --$ttRNAs Share a Common Secondary Structure That Resembles a Cloverleaf --$ttRNAs Have an L-Shaped Three-Dimensional Structure --$tAttachment Of Amino Acids To tRNA.
880 00 $6505-00/(S$gContents note continued:$ttRNAs Are Charged by the Attachment of an Amino Acid to the 3'-Terminal Adenosine Nucleotide via a High-Energy Acyl Linkage --$tAminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases Charge tRNAs in Two Steps --$tEach Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Attaches a Single Amino Acid to One or More tRNAs --$ttRNA Synthetases Recognize Unique Structural Features of Cognate tRNAs --$tAminoacyl-tRNA Formation Is Very Accurate --$tSome Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases Use an Editing Pocket to Charge tRNAs with High Accuracy --$tRibosome Is Unable to Discriminate between Correctly and Incorrectly Charged tRNAs --$tRibosome --$gAdvanced Concepts Box 15-2$tSelenocysteine --$tRibosome Is Composed of a Large and a Small Subunit --$tLarge and Small Subunits Undergo Association and Dissociation during Each Cycle of Translation --$tNew Amino Acids Are Attached to the Carboxyl Terminus of the Growing Polypeptide Chain --$tPeptide Bonds Are Formed by Transfer of the Growing Polypeptide Chain from One tRNA to Another --$tRibosomal RNAs Are Both Structural and Catalytic Determinants of the Ribosome --$tRibosome Has Three Binding Sites for tRNA --$tChannels through the Ribosome Allow the mRNA and Growing Polypeptide to Enter and/or Exit the Ribosome --$tInitiation Of Translation --$tProkaryotic mRNAs Are Initially Recruited to the Small Subunit by Base Pairing to rRNA --$tSpecialized tRNA Charged with a Modified Methionine Binds Directly to the Prokaryotic Small Subunit --$tThree Initiation Factors Direct the Assembly of an Initiation Complex That Contains mRNA and the Initiator tRNA --$tEukaryotic Ribosomes Are Recruited to the mRNA by the 5' Cap --$tTranslation Initiation Factors Hold Eukaryotic mRNAs in Circles --$gAdvanced Concepts Box 15-3$tuORFs and IRESs: Exceptions That Prove the Rule --$tStart Codon Is Found by Scanning Downstream from the 5' End of the mRNA --$tTranslation Elongation --$tAminoacyl-tRNAs Are Delivered to the A-Site by Elongation Factor EF-Tu --$tRibosome Uses Multiple Mechanisms to Select against Incorrect Aminoacyl-tRNAs --$tRibosome Is a Ribozyme --$tPeptide-Bond Formation Initiates Translocation in the Large Subunit --$tEF-G Drives Translocation by Stabilizing Intermediates in Translocation --$tEF-Tu-GDP and EF-G-GDP Must Exchange GDP for GTP before Participating in a New Round of Elongation --$tCycle of Peptide-Bond Formation Consumes Two Molecules of GTP and One Molecule of ATP --$tTermination Of Translation --$tRelease Factors Terminate Translation in Response to Stop Codons --$tShort Regions of Class I Release Factors Recognize Stop Codons and Trigger Release of the Peptidyl Chain --$gAdvanced Concepts Box 15-4$tGTP-Binding Proteins, Conformational Switching, and the Fidelity and Ordering of the Events of Translation --$tGDP/GTP Exchange and GTP Hydrolysis Control the Function of the Class II Release Factor --$tRibosome Recycling Factor Mimics a tRNA --$tRegulation Of Translation --$tProtein or RNA Binding near the Ribosome-Binding Site Negatively Regulates Bacterial Translation Initiation --$tRegulation of Prokaryotic Translation: Ribosomal Proteins Are Translational Repressors of Their Own Synthesis --$tMedical Connections Box 15-5 Antibiotics Arrest Cell Division by Blocking Specific Steps in Translation --$tGlobal Regulators of Eukaryotic Translation Target Key Factors Required for mRNA Recognition and Initiator tRNA Ribosome Binding --$tSpatial Control of Translation by mRNA-Specific 4E-BPs --$tIron-Regulated, RNA-Binding Protein Controls Translation of Ferritin --$tTranslation of the Yeast Transcriptional Activator Gcn4 Is Controlled by Short Upstream ORFs and Ternary Complex Abundance --$tTechniques Box 15-6 Ribosome and Polysome Profiling --$tTranslation-Dependent Regulation Of mRNA And Protein Stability --$tSsrA RNA Rescues Ribosomes That Translate Broken mRNAs --$tMedical Connections Box 15-7 A Frontline, Drug in Tuberculosis Therapy Targets SsrA Tagging --$tEukaryotic Cells Degrade mRNAs That Are Incomplete or Have Premature Stop Codons --$tSummary --$tBibliography --$tQuestions --$g16.$tGenetic Code --$tCode Is Degenerate --$tPerceiving Order in the Makeup of the Code --$tWobble in the Anticodon --$tThree Codons Direct Chain Termination --$tHow the Code Was Cracked --$tStimulation of Amino Acid Incorporation by Synthetic mRNAs --$tPoly-U Codes for Polyphenylalanine --$tMixed Copolymers Allowed Additional Codon Assignments --$tTransfer RNA Binding to Defined Trinucleotide Codons --$tCodon Assignments from Repeating Copolymers --$tThree Rules Govern The Genetic Code --$tThree Kinds of Point Mutations Alter the Genetic Code --$tGenetic Proof That the Gode Is Read in Units of Three --$tSuppressor Mutations Gan Reside In The Same Or A Different Gene --$tIntergenic Suppression Involves Mutant tRNAs --$tNonsense Suppressors Also Read Normal Termination Signals --$tProving the Validity of the Genetic Code --$tCode Is Nearly Universal --$gAdvanced Concepts Box 16-1$tExpanding the Genetic Code --$tSummary --$tBibliography --$tQuestions --$g17.$tOrigin and Early Evolution of Life --$tWhen Did Life Arise On Earth--$tWhat Was The Basis For Prebiotic Organic Chemistry--$tDid Life Evolve From An RNA World--$tCan Self-Replicating Ribozymes Be Created By Directed Evolution--$tDoes Darwinian Evolution Require Self-Replicating Protocells--$tDid Life Arise On Earth--$tSummary --$tBibliography --$tQuestions --$gpt. 5$tREGULATION --$g18.$tTranscriptional Regulation in Prokaryotes --$tPrinciples Of Transcriptional Regulation --$tGene Expression Is Controlled by Regulatory Proteins --$tMost Activators and Repressors Act at the Level of Transcription Initiation --$tMany Promoters Are Regulated by Activators That Help RNA Polymerase Bind DNA and by Repressors That Block That Binding --$tSome Activators and Repressors Work by Allostery and Regulate Steps in Transcriptional Initiation after RNA Polymerase Binding --$tAction at a Distance and DNA Looping --$tCooperative Binding and Allostery Have Many Roles in Gene Regulation --$tAntitermination and Beyond: Not All of Gene Regulation Targets Transcription Initiation --$tRegulation Of Transcription Initiation: Examples From Prokaryotes --$tActivator and a Repressor Together Control the lac Genes --$tCAP and Lac Repressor Have Opposing Effects on RNA Polymerase Binding to the lac Promoter --$tCAP Has Separate Activating and DNA-Binding Surfaces --$tCAP and Lac Repressor Bind DNA Using a Common Structural Motif --$tKey Experiments Box 18-1 Activator Bypass Experiments --$tActivities of Lac Repressor and CAP Are Controlled Allosterically by Their Signals --$tCombinatorial Control: CAP Controls Other Genes As Well --$tKey Experiments Box 18-2 Jacob, Monod, and the Ideas behind Gene Regulation --$tAlternative σ Factors Direct RNA Polymerase to Alternative Sets of Promoters --$tNtrC and MerR: Transcriptional Activators That Work by Allostery Rather than by Recruitment --$tNtrC Has ATPase Activity and Works from DNA Sites Far from the Gene --$tMerR Activates Transcription by Twisting Promoter DNA --$tSome Repressors Hold RNA Polymerase at the Promoter Rather than Excluding It --$tAraC and Control of the araBAD Operon by Antiactivation --$tMedical Connections 18-3 Blocking Virulence by Silencing Pathways of Intercellular Communication --$tCase Of Bacteriophage X: Layers Of Regulation --$tAlternative Patterns of Gene Expression Control Lytic and Lysogenic Growth --$tRegulatory Proteins and Their Binding Sites --$tλ Repressor Binds to Operator Sites Cooperatively --$tRepressor and Cro Bind in Different Patterns to Control Lytic and Lysogenic Growth --$gAdvanced Concepts Box 18-4$tConcentration, Affinity, and Cooperative Binding --$tLysogenic Induction Requires Proteolytic Cleavage of λ Repressor --$tNegative Autoregulation of Repressor Requires Long-Distance Interactions and a Large DNA Loop --$tAnother Activator, λ CII, Controls the Decision between Lytic and Lysogenic Growth upon Infection of a New Host --$tKey Experiments Box 18-5 Evolution of the λ Switch --$tNumber of Phage Particles Infecting a Given Cell Affects Whether the Infection Proceeds Lytically or Lysogenically --$tGrowth Conditions of E. coli Control the Stability of CII Protein and Thus the Lytic/Lysogenic Choice --$tTranscriptional Antitermination in λ Development --$tKey Experiments Box 18-6 Genetic Approaches That Identified Genes Involved in the Lytic/Lysogenic Choice --$tRetroregulation: An Interplay of Controls on RNA Synthesis and Stability Determines int Gene Expression --$tSummary --$tBibliography --$tQuestions --$g19.$tTranscriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes --$tConserved Mechanisms Of Transcriptional Regulation From Yeast To Mammals --$tActivators Have Separate DNA-Binding and Activating Functions --$tEukaryotic Regulators Use a Range of DNA-Binding Domains, But DNA Recognition Involves the Same Principles as Found in Bacteria --$tActivating Regions Are Not Well-Defined Structures --$tTechniques Box 19-1 The Two-Hybrid Assay --$tRecruitment Of Protein Complexes To Genes By Eukaryotic Activators --$tActivators Recruit the Transcriptional Machinery to the Gene --$tTechniques Box 19-2 The ChIP-Chip and ChIP-Seq Assays Are the Best Method for Identifying Enhancers --$tActivators Also Recruit Nucleosome Modifiers That Help the Transcriptional Machinary Bind at the Promoter or Initiate Transcription --$tActivators Recruit Additional Factors Needed for Efficient Initiation or Elongation at Some Promoters --$tMedical Connections Box 19-3 Histone Modifications, Transcription Elongation, and Leukemia --$tAction at a Distance: Loops and Insulators --$tAppropriate Regulation of Some Groups of Genes Requires Locus Control Regions --$tSignal Integration And Combinatorial Control.
880 00 $6505-00/(S$gContents note continued:$tActivators Work Synergistically to Integrate Signals --$tSignal Integration: The HO Gene Is Controlled by Two Regulators-One Recruits Nucleosome Modifiers, and the Other Recruits Mediator --$tSignal Integration: Cooperative Binding of Activators at the Human β-Interferon Gene --$tCombinatorial Control Lies at the Heart of the Complexity and Diversity of Eukaryotes --$tCombinatorial Control of the Mating-Type Genes from S. cerevisiae --$tTranscriptional Repressors --$tSignal Transduction And The Control Of Transcriptional Regulators --$tSignals Are Often Communicated to Transcriptional Regulators through Signal Transduction Pathways --$tKey Experiments Box 19-4 Evolution of a Regulatory Circuit --$tSignals Control the Activities of Eukaryotic Transcriptional Regulators in a Variety of Ways --$tGene "Silencing" By Modification Of Histones And DNA --$tSilencing in Yeast Is Mediated by Deacetylation and Methylation of Histones --$tIn Drosophila, HP1 Recognizes Methylated Histones and Condenses Chromatin --$tRepression by Polycomb Also Uses Histone Methylation --$gAdvanced Concepts Box 19-5$tIs There a Histone Code--$tDNA Methylation Is Associated with Silenced Genes in Mammalian Cells --$tEpigenetic Gene Regulation --$tSome States of Gene Expression Are Inherited through Cell Division Even When the Initiating Signal Is No Longer Present --$tMedical Connections Box 19-6 Transcriptional Repression and Human Disease --$tSummary --$tBibliography --$tQuestions --$g20.$tRegulatory RNAs --$tRegulation By RNAs In Bacteria --$tRiboswitches Reside within the Transcripts of Genes Whose Expression They Control through Changes in Secondary Structure --$tRNAs as Defense Agents in Prokaryotes and Archaea --$tCRISPRs Are a Record of Infections Survived and Resistance Gained --$gAdvanced Concepts Box 20-1$tAmino Acid Biosynthetic Operons Are Controlled by Attenuation --$tSpacer Sequences Are Acquired from Infecting Viruses --$tCRISPR Is Transcribed as a Single Long RNA, Which Is Then Processed into Shorter RNA Species That Target Destruction of Invading DNA or RNA --$tRegulatory RNAs Are Widespread In Eukaryotes --$tShort RNAs That Silence Genes Are Produced from a Variety of Sources and Direct the Silencing of Genes in Three Different Ways --$tSynthesis And Function Of miRNA Molecules --$tmiRNAs Have a Characteristic Structure That Assists in Identifying Them and Their Target Genes --$tActive miRNA Is Generated through a Two-Step Nucleolytic Processing --$tDicer Is the Second RNA-Cleaving Enzyme Involved in miRNA Production and the Only One Needed for siRNA Production --$tSilencing Gene Expression By Small RNAs --$tIncorporation of a Guide Strand RNA into RISC Makes the Mature Complex That Is Ready to Silence Gene Expression --$tSmall RNAs Can Transcriptionally Silence Genes by Directing Chromatin Modification --$tRNAi Is a Defense Mechanism That Protects against Viruses and Transposons --$tKey Experiments Box 20-2 Discovery of miRNAs and RNAi --$tRNAi Has Become a Powerful Tool for Manipulating Gene Expression --$tMedical Connections Box 20-3 microRNAs and Human Disease --$tLong Non-Coding RNAs And X-Inactivation --$tLong Non-Coding RNAs Have Many Roles in Gene Regulation, Including Cis and Trans Effects on Transcription --$tX-Inactivation Creates Mosaic Individuals --$tXist Is a Long Non-Coding RNA That Inactivates a Single X Chromosome in Female Mammals --$tSummary --$tBibliography --$tQuestions --$g21.$tGene Regulation in Development and Evolution --$tMedical Connections Box 21-1 Formation of iPS Cells --$tThree Strategies By Which Cells Are Instructed To Express Specific Sets Of Genes During Development --$tSome mRNAs Become Localized within Eggs and Embryos Because of an Intrinsic Polarity in the Cytoskeleton --$tCell-to-Cell Contact and Secreted Cell-Signaling Molecules Both Elicit Changes in Gene Expression in Neighboring Cells --$tGradients of Secreted Signaling Molecules Can Instruct Cells to Follow Different Pathways of Development Based on Their Location --$tExamples Of The Three Strategies For Establishing Differential Gene Expression --$tLocalized Ashl Repressor Controls Mating Type in Yeast by Silencing the HO Gene --$tLocalized mRNA Initiates Muscle Differentiation in the Sea Squirt Embryo --$gAdvanced Concepts Box 21-2$tReview of Cytoskeleton: Asymmetry and Growth --$tCell-to-Cell Contact Elicits Differential Gene Expression in the Sporulating Bacterium, Bacillus subtilis --$tSkin-Nerve Regulatory Switch Is Controlled by Notch Signaling in the Insect Central Nervous System --$tGradient of the Sonic Hedgehog Morphogen Controls the Formation of Different Neurons in the Vertebrate Neural Tube --$tMolecular Biology Of Drosophila Embryogenesis --$tOverview of Drosophila Embryogenesis --$tRegulatory Gradient Controls Dorsoventral Patterning of the Drosophila Embryo --$gAdvanced Concepts Box 21-3$tOverview of Drosophila Development --$tSegmentation Is Initiated by Localized RNAs at the Anterior and Posterior Poles of the Unfertilized Egg --$tKey Experiments Box 21-4 Activator Synergy --$tBicoid and Nanos Regulate hunchback --$tMultiple Enhancers Ensure Precision of hunchback Regulation --$tGradient of Hunchback Repressor Establishes Different Limits of Gap Gene Expression --$tMedical Connections Box 21-5 Stem Cell Niche --$gAdvanced Concepts Box 21-6$tGradient Thresholds --$tHunchback and Gap Proteins Produce Segmentation Stripes of Gene Expression --$tKey Experiments Box 21-7 cis-Regulatory Sequences in Animal Development and Evolution --$tGap Repressor Gradients Produce Many Stripes of Gene Expression --$tShort-Range Transcriptional Repressors Permit Different Enhancers to Work Independently of One Another within the Complex eve Regulatory Region --$tHomeotic Genes: An Important Class Of Developmental Regulators --$tChanges in Homeotic Gene Expression Are Responsible for Arthropod Diversity --$tChanges in Ubx Expression Explain Modifications in Limbs among the Crustaceans --$gAdvanced Concepts Box 21-8$tHomeotic Genes of Drosophila Are Organized in Special Chromosome Clusters --$tHow Insects Lost Their Abdominal Limbs --$tModification of Flight Limbs Might Arise from the Evolution of Regulatory DNA Sequences --$tGenome Evolution And Human Origins --$tDiverse Animals Contain Remarkably Similar Sets of Genes --$tMany Animals Contain Anomalous Genes --$tSynteny Is Evolutionarily Ancient --$tDeep Sequencing Is Being Used to Explore Human Origins --$tSummary --$tBibliography --$tQuestions --$g22.$tSystems Biology --$tRegulatory Circuits --$tAutoregulation --$tNegative Autoregulation Dampens Noise and Allows a Rapid Response Time --$tGene Expression Is Noisy --$tPositive Autoregulation Delays Gene Expression --$tBistability --$tSome Regulatory Circuits Persist in Alternative Stable States --$tBimodal Switches Vary in Their Persistence --$tKey Experiments Box 22-1 Bistability and Hysteresis --$tFeed-Forward Loops --$tFeed-Forward Loops Are Three-Node Networks with Beneficial Properties --$tFeed-Forward Loops Are Used in Development --$tOscillating Circuits --$tSome Circuits Generate Oscillating Patterns of Gene Expression --$tSynthetic Circuits Mimic Some of the Features of Natural Regulatory Networks --$tSummary --$tBibliography --$tQuestions --$gpt. 6$tAPPENDICES --$gAppendix 1$tModel Organisms --$tBacteriophage --$tAssays of Phage Growth --$tSingle-Step Growth Curve --$tPhage Crosses and Complementation Tests --$tTransduction and Recombinant DNA --$tBacteria --$tAssays of Bacterial Growth --$tBacteria Exchange DNA by Sexual Conjugation, Phage-Mediated Transduction, and DNA-Mediated Transformation --$tBacterial Plasmids Can Be Used as Cloning Vectors --$tTransposons Can Be Used to Generate Insertional Mutations and Gene and Operon Fusions --$tStudies on the Molecular Biology of Bacteria Have Been Enhanced by Recombinant DNA Technology, Whole-Genome Sequencing, and Transcriptional Profiling --$tBiochemical Analysis Is Especially Powerful in Simple Cells with Well-Developed Tools of Traditional and Molecular Genetics --$tBacteria Are Accessible to Cytological Analysis --$tPhage and Bacteria Told Us Most of the Fundamentals Things about the Gene --$tSynthetic Circuits and Regulatory Noise --$tBaker's Yeast, Saccharomyces Cerevisiae --$tExistence of Haploid and Diploid Cells Facilitates Genetic Analysis of S. cerevisiae --$tGenerating Precise Mutations in Yeast Is Easy --$tS. cerevisiae Has a Small, Well-Characterized Genome --$tS. cerevisiae Cells Change Shape as They Grow --$tArabidopsis --$tArabidopsis Has a Fast Life Cycle with Haploid and Diploid Phases --$tArabidopsis Is Easily Transformed for Reverse Genetics --$tArabidopsis Has a Small Genome That Is Readily Manipulated --$tEpigenetics --$tPlants Respond to the Environment --$tDevelopment and Pattern Formation --$tNematode Worm, Caenorhabditis Elegans --$tC. elegans Has a Very Rapid Life Cycle --$tC. elegans Is Composed of Relatively Few, Well-Studied Cell Lineages --$tCell Death Pathway Was Discovered in C. elegans --$tRNAi Was Discovered in C. elegans --$tFruit Fly, Drosophila Melanogaster --$tDrosophila Has a Rapid Life Cycle --$tFirst Genome Maps Were Produced in Drosophila --$tGenetic Mosaics Permit the Analysis of Lethal Genes in Adult Flies --$tYeast FLP Recombinase Permits the Efficient Production of Genetic Mosaics --$tIt Is Easy to Create Transgenic Fruit Flies that Carry Foreign DNA --$tHouse Mouse, MUS Musculus --$tMouse Embryonic Development Depends on Stem Cells --$tIt Is Easy to Introduce Foreign DNA into the Mouse Embryo --$tHomologous Recombination Permits the Selective Ablation of Individual Genes --$tMice Exhibit Epigenetic Inheritance --$tBibliography --$gAppendix 2$tAnswers --$tChapter 1 --$tChapter 2 --$tChapter 3 --$tChapter 4 --$tIndex.
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