The study of moderates in French politics, and more specifically, the weight of moderate Christians, has long been a blind spot in the French historiography. In an effort to fill this void, historians who have contributed to this book as a result of a conference held in Lille in 2005 and 2006, and can be broken down into three main ideas. The first concept is the contribution of eminent historians, specialists in European countries, in which the relationship between political philosophy and theology have not been the same subject in France, has helped to identify the uniqueness of the French historiography. The second concept is that historians, who studied the turbulent relations between the Church and the Republic, confirmed the often decisive role of moderates in the establishment and stabilization of the Catholic republican regime. They also highlighted the contribution of the latter in the rebuilding of the Republic in the aftermath of the Liberation. The third idea is how it is structured in the consciousness of the individual participant- strictly religious, philosophical and theological, and choice in the political order.