VOLUME VIII PARTHIANS, SASSANIDS, AND ARABS; THE CRUSADES AND THE PAPACY Contributors, and Editorial Revisers Prof.Adolf Erman, University of Berlin. Prof. Joseph Hal6vy, College of France. Prof. Thomas K. Cheyne, Oxford University. Prof. Andrew O. McLaughlin, University of Chicago. Prof. David H. Muller, University of Vienna. Prof. Alfred Bambaud, University of Paris. Capt F. Brinkley, Tokio. Prof. Edoard Meyer, University of Berlin. Dr. James T. Shotwell, Columbia University. Prof. Theodor Ndldeke, University of Strasburg. Prof. Albert B. Hart, Harvard University. Dr. Paul Bronnle, Boyal Asiatic Society. Dr. James Gairdner, C.B., London. Prof. Ulrich von WOamowitz MSllendorfl, University of Berlin. Prof. EL Marczali, University of Budapest. Dr. G. W. Botsford, Columbia University. Prof. Julius Wellhausen, University of Gdttingen. Prof. Franz R. von Krones, University of Graz. Prof. Wilhelm Soltau, Zabern University. Prof. R. W. Rogers, Drew Theological Seminary. Prof. A. Vambfiry, University of Budapest. Prof. Otto Hirschfeld, University of Berlin. Dr. Frederick Robertson Jones, Bryn Mawr College. Baron Bernardo di San Severino Quaranta, London. Dr. John P. Peters, New York. Prof. Adolph Harnack, University of Berlin. Dr. A. S. Bappoport, School of Oriental Languages, Paris. Prof. Hermann Diels, University of Berlin. Prof. C. W. C. Oman, Oxford University. Prof. W. L. Fleming, Louisiana State University. Prof. I. Goldziher, University of Budapest. Prof.R. Koser, University of Berlin. CONTENTS VOLUME VIII PART XII PARTHIANS, SASSANIDS, AND ARABS Introductory Essay. The Scope and Influence of Arabic History. By Dr. Theodor Noldeke 1. History in Outline of Parthians, Sassanids, and Arabs (250 B.C - 1375 A.D.) 25. CHAPTER I The Parthian Empire (250 B.C - 228 A.D.) 47. Justin's account of the Parthians, 47. Their customs, 48. Seleucus and Arsaces, 49. Wars with Home, 51. Modern accounts of Parthia, 53. The Parthian empire, 53. Arsaces and the Arsacids, 54. Bactria and Parthia consolidate, 55. Conquests of Mithridates, 57. Media and Babylonia conquered, 58. Parthian " kingdoms," 59. Scythian conquest of Bactria, 60. The Scythians ravage Parthia, 61. First conflict with Rome, 62 Orodes defeats the Romans, 63. Plutarch's account of the battle of Carrhae, 63. Phraates IV repels Mark Antony, 68. Anarchy in Parthia, 70. The Romans intervene, 72. The decay of Parthian greatness, 74. Persia conquers Parthia, 75. CHAPTER II The Empire of the Sassanids (228 - 750 A.D.) 76. Sassanian power, 77. Sapor fights Rome, 78. The war with Palmyra, 79. A new war with Rome, 81. Ardashir H to Bahram IV, 82. The rule of Yezdegerd I, 83. The Arabs aid in war with Rome, 84. War with the Hephthalites, 85. Kavadh I, 86. New conflict with Rome, 86. Exploits of Mundhir, 87. Chosroes the Just, 88. Chosroes attacks Rome, 88. Hormuzd IV, 91. Civil war, 91. Vices of Chosroes II, 93. Conflict with Heraclius ; fall of Chosroes H, 94. Successors of Chosroes II, 95. Anarchy and chaos, 96. Arab incursions, 97. Arab conquest, 98. CHAPTER III Early History of the Arabs (ca. 2500 B.C. - 622 A.D.) 100. Arab history before Mohammed, 105. CHAPTER IV Mohammed (570 - 632 A.D.) 111. Mohammed ben Abdallah ben Abdul - Muttalib, 111. Religious unrest, 111. Mohammed's life, 113. His marriage with Khadija, 113. Mohammed as a prophet, 115. Mohammed an outlaw, 116. The Hegira, 117. Battle of Bedr, 120. Battle of Ohod, 121. Expedition against the Jews, 123. Siege of Medina, extermination of the Jews, 123. Mohammed's pilgrimage to Mecca, 125. Subjection of Mecca, 126. The victory of Honain and Autas, 128. The last years cl Mohammed's life, 130. Gibbon's estimate of Mohammed and Mohammedanism, 132. CHAPTER V The Spread of Islam (632 - 661 A.D.) 145. Abu Bekr, first caliph after Mohammed, 145. The caliph Omar, 150. The conquest of Persia, 151. The Syrian conquest completed, 156. Egypt captured, 160. The alleged burning of the library, 163. Othman, the third caliph, 167. Ali, 170. CHAPTER VI The Omayyads (661 - 750 A.D.) 175 Foundation of the Omayyads, 175. Yazid made caliph, 176. Siege of Mecca, 177. Abdul - Malik, caliph, 179. Siege of Mecca, 180. The eastern caliphate, 184. Suleiman's ambitions, 185. The last Omayyads, 186. CHAPTER VII The Arabs in Europe (711 - 961 A.D.) 191. The invasion of France, 198. CHAPTER VIII The Abbasids (750 - 1258 A.D.) 209 Founding of Baghdad, 209. Harun Ar - Rashid, 210. Al - Mamun and his successors, 211. Baghdad under the caliphs, 213. Gradual decline of Arabian dominion in the East, 215. The various religious sects, 220. The Seljuk Turks, 225. Arabs and Turks unite against the Christians, 227. Saladin and his successors against the crusaders, 228. The Mongols under Jenghiz Khan invade western Asia, 230. CHAPTER IX The Decline of the Moslems in Spain (961 - 1609 A.D.) 233. Almansor, 233. Decay of power, 235. End of the Omayyads, 238. Independent kingdoms, 239. The Almoravids, 240. Dynasty of the Almohads, 246. Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, 247. The decline of Arab power, 248. CHAPTER X Arab Civilisation 260 The Koran, 260. Doctrine of Islamism, 265. The pilgrimage to Mecca, 267. The holy war, 270. Arab culture, 271. Commerce and industry, 273. Paper, compass, and gunpowder, 274. Influence of the Arabs on European civilisation, 276. Scholasticism, 277. Mathematical science, 278. Medicine, 279. Architecture, 281. Music, 282. CHAPTER XI Tribal Life of the Epic Period. By Dr. Julius Wellhausen 284 CHAPTER XII The Principles of Law in Islam. By Dr. I. Goldziher 294 Brief Reference - List of Authorities by Chapters 305 PART XIII. THE CRUSADES AND THE PAPACY BOOK I. THE CRUSADES Introductory Essay. The Value of the Crusades in the Light of Modern History. By the Reverend William Denton, M.A. 311. History in Outline of the Crusades (1096 - 1291 A.D.) 314. CHAPTER I Origin of the Crusades (306 - 1096 A.D.) 320. Early Christian pilgrimages, 322. Jerusalem under the Saracens, 324. Character of the pilgrims, 326. The Turks in power, 328. Peter the Hermit, 330. The appeal of the emperor Alexius, 331. Councils of Placentia and Clermont, 332. The frenzy of Europe, 334. CHAPTER II The First Crusade (1096 - 1147 A.D.) 338. Peter the Hermit and his rabble, 339. The leaders of the First Crusade, 340. Alexius compels homage, 342. Numbers of the crusaders, 343. The siege of Nicaea, 344. Battle of Dorylaeum, 345. Principality of Edessa founded, 346. Siege of Antioch, 347. A typical miracle, 349. Jerusalem besieged, 351. The Arab account, 352. Godfrey elected king, 353. Results of the First Crusade, 356. CHAPTER III The Second Crusade (1147 - 1189 A.D.) 358. St. Bernard, 358. Disasters of the Germans, 361. The French failure, 362. The rise of Saladin, 364. Moslem accounts of the battle of Tiberias, 374. The fall of Jerusalem, 376. CHAPTER IV The Third Crusade (1189 - 1193 A.D.) 379. The Saladin tithe, 381. Barbarossa's crusade and death, 382. The siege of Acre or Ptolemais, 383. Geoffrey de Vinsauf s account of Acre, 383. Richard's voyage, 386. The French sail to Acre, 387. Dissension between the French and English kings, 388. Review of the siege, 390. The crusaders move on Jerusalem, 392. The enterprise abandoned, 396. Vinsauf s account of Richard at Joppa, 397. Peace between the kings, 402. End and review of the Third Crusade, 404. Death of Saladin ; Arab eulogies, 407. CHAPTER V The Fourth to the Sixth Crusades (1195 - 1229 A.D.) 410 Pope Celestine III promotes a crusade, 410. The Fourth (or German) Crusade, 411. The Fifth Crusade, 413. Results of the Fifth Crusade, 417. The Children's Crusade, 419. The Sixth Crusade, 422. CHAPTER VI The Last Crusades (1239 - 1314 A.D.) 431 Richard of Cornwall's Crusade (the Seventh), 432. The Tatar Crevasse, 433. The crusade of St. Louis (the Eighth), 434. Battle of Mansura, 436. De Joinville's account of the battle of Mansura, 437. Results of Mansura, 441. St. Louis a prisoner, 442. Moslem account of St. Louis' capture, 443. The Christians quarrel among themselves, 448. History of Antioch, 449. Ravages of Bibars, 450. Second crusade and death of Louis IX, 450. Prince Edward leaves England, 451. Vain efforts of Gregory X, 452. Progress of the mamelukes, 453. Total loss of the Holy Land, 454. Fate of the military orders, 456. Knights of St. John, 456. The Templars in France, 457. In other countries, 458. Council at Vienne, 458. The order suppressed, 459. The Crusades in the West, 459. The Teutonic Crusade, 460. The attack on the Albigenses, 461. Western assaults on the Arabs, 463. Comparison of the two crusades, 466. CHAPTER VII. Consequences of the Crusades (1096 - 1291 A.D.) 467 Moral effects, 468. Political effects, 469. Influence upon commerce, 471. Enrichment of cities, 472. Colonisation, 472. Influence on industry, 474. The masons organise, 475. Gothic architecture, 476. Sculpture and painting, 476. Herder's opinion of the Crusades, 477. Gibbon on the results of the Crusades, 479. APPENDIX Feudalism (800 - 1450 A.D.) 481. Bryce and Hegel on feudalism, 482. Commencement of the feudal regime, 483. Reciprocal obligations of vassal and lord, 484. Feudal justice, 485. Ecclesiastical feudalism, 487. The Church and the feudal army, 488. Serfs and villeins, 489. Anarchy and violence; frightful condition of the peasants and some happy results therefrom, 491. Geographic outlines of the kingdom of Germany, 494. The transition from feudalism to monarchy, 494. Progress in Germany, 495. Influence of gunpowder, 497. Monarchism in Italy, 497. In France, 498. In England, 499. The papacy and feudalism, 500. Hegel on the rise of mankind through feudalism, 500. Brief Reference - List of Authorities by Chapters 502 BOOK II. THE PAPACY History nr Outline of the Papacy (42 - 1878 A.D.) 508 CHAPTER I Origin and Rise of the Papacy (42 - 842 A.D.) 519 The papacy in connection with the Frarikish Empire, 524. Gregory the Great, 581. Christian mythology, 534. Worship of the Virgin, 535. Angels and devils, 536. Martyrs and relics, 536. Sanctity of the clergy, 537. State after death, 538. Gregory's successors, 539. Draper on the origin of iconoclasm, 544. Milman on iconoclasm, 545. The war of iconoclasm, 546. Constantino Copronymus, 548. Third Council of Constantinople, 549. The war on monasteries, 550. Helena and Irene, 552. Second Council of Nicaa, 552. CHAPTER II "The Night of the Papacy" — Charlemagne to Otto the Great (740 - 985 A.D.) 555 Independence of the Roman bishops, 556. The appeal to the Franks, 556. Charlemagne and the pope, 558. The donation from Constantino, 559. Charlemagne's third and fourth entrances into Italy, 561. The realm of the popes, 562. The trial of the pope and the crowning of Charlemagne, 563. Papal ambition after Charlemagne, 565. The myth of the woman pope, 567. Rivalry of Nicholas and Photius, 569. Synod at Constantinople, 570. The false decretals, 571. Adrian II, 574. Pope Formosus, 577. Theodora in power, 579. The infamous Marozia, 581. Rebellion of Rome, 582. Pope John XTT, 583. Trial of the pope, 583. Charles Kingaley on temporal power, 587. The High Noon of the Papacy (985 - 1305 A.D.) 589 The dream of Otto III, 590. The German popes, 591. The college of cardinals, 592. Milman on the mission of the papacy, 593. Simony, 596. Celibacy of the clergy, 596. Gregory's synod at Rome, 597. Bryce on the consequences of the Concordat, 602. Rival claimants, 602. Adrian IV versus Barbarossa, 603. Adrian's firmness, 605. Two rival popes, 606. Innocent III, 607. The influence of the crusades on papal power, 608. The autocracy of Innocent III, 610. Universal sway of the pope, 611. Milman's estimate of Innocent III, 612. Frederick II at war with the papacy, 614. Council at Lyons, 616. Accession of Boniface VIII, 618. Philip the Fair overpowers the papacy, 618. Hallam on the climax of papal power, 620. CHAPTER IV From Exile to Supremacy (1305 - 1513 A.D.) 623 Clement V, 624. The fate of the Templars, 625. John XXII to Urban V, 626. The Great Schism of the West, 630. Relation of the national churches to the state, 632. Moral condition of the clergy, 633. The great councils of Pisa and Constance ; John Huse, 634. Milman on Nicholas V and the fall of Constantinople, 640. Popes to 1503, 642. Alexander VI, the Borgia, 644. Estimates of Alexander VI, 645. Julius II, 647. Prevalence of secularism in the Church, 648. Brief Reference - List of Authorities by Chapters 651 Digitized by Google.


Includes bibliographical references

I. Introduction. Egypt, Mesopotamia. -- II. Israel, Phoenicia, minor nations of Western Asia. -- III. Greece to the Peloponnesian war. -- IV. Greece to the Roman conquest. -- V. The Roman republic. -- VI. The early Roman empire. -- VII. The late Roman empire. -- VIII. Parthians, Sassanids, and Arabs: The crusades and the papacy. -- IX. Italy. -- X. Spain and Portugual. -- XI. France, 843-1715. -- XII. France, 1715-1815. -- XIII. France since 1815; Netherlands. -- XIV. The Netherlands (concluded) The Germanic empire. -- XV. Germanic empires (concluded). -- XVI. Scandinavia; Switzerland to 1715. -- XVII. Switzerland (concluded); Russia. -- XVIII. England to 1485. -- XIX. England, 1485-1642. -- XX. England, 1642-1791. -- XXI. Scotland and Ireland; England since 1792. -- XXII. The British colonies; the United States (early colonial period). -- XXIII. The United States (concluded) Spanish America. -- XXIV. Poland; The Balkans; Turkey; Minor eastern states; China; Japan. -- XXV, Index to vols. I-XXIV

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