{"title": "The awakening of Europe", "subjects": ["Medieval Civilization"], "key": "/works/OL4893721W", "authors": [{"type": {"key": "/type/author_role"}, "author": {"key": "/authors/OL1045584A"}}], "type": {"key": "/type/work"}, "description": {"type": "/type/text", "value": "In this survey of early medieval thought and of the society that nurtured it, the author concentrates on three main epochs: the age of Alcuin, architect of the Carolingian Renaissance, when working copyists, libraries and schools established a tradition of learning and devotion which survived even the horrors of the tenth century; the age of Gerbert and the Ottos, when millennial fantasies and social disruption contrasted with real if limited achievements in the spread of Arab and Byzantine thought; and finally the heroic age of Abelard, which witnessed the rise of vernacular languages, the early Crusades and, in the Hildebrandine Revolution, the first great clash of Empire and Papacy."}, "latest_revision": 3, "revision": 3, "created": {"type": "/type/datetime", "value": "2009-12-10T07:54:35.642463"}, "last_modified": {"type": "/type/datetime", "value": "2025-05-11T08:44:25.293789"}}