An edition of Elementary course of Christian philosophy
(1893)
Elementary Course of Christian Philosophy
Based on the Principles of the Best Scholastic Authors
2d ed., rev.
by Christian Brothers.
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Elementary Course of Christian Philosophy: Based on the Principles of the Best Scholastic Authors
1893, P. O'Shea
in English
- 2d ed., rev.
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Elementary course of Christian philosophy: based on the principles of the best scholastic authors
1893, O'Shea
in English
- 2d ed., rev.
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Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Brief of His Holiness, Pope Pius IX., v
Approbation of the Bishop of Montpellier, vii
Translator's Preface, ix
Preface, xi
Works to Consult, xvi
INTRODUCTORY.
Definition of Philosophy. — Its Excellence, Utility, and Division, xxix
RATIONAL PHILOSOPHY.
Its Division, 1
LOGIC.
Definition of Logic. — Its Utility. — Its Division, 1
PART FIRST. — DIALECTICS.
Reasoning and Its Constituent Elements, 3
CHAPTER I. — SIMPLE APPREHENSION.
Article I. — Nature of Simple Apprehension, 3
" II. — Ideas and Oral Terms, 4
" III. — Division of Terms, 5
" IV. — Universals, 8
" V. — Predicaments or Categories, 10
" VI. — Properties of Terms in a Proposition, 12
" VII. — Means to Insure Propriety of Terms. — Definition, 15
" VIII. — Division, 16
CHAPTER II — JUDGMENT.
Article I. — Nature of Judgment, 18
" II. — The Proposition and Its Elements, 19
" III. — Division of Propositions, 21
" IV. — Properties of Propositions, 25
CHAPTER III. — REASONING.
Article I. — Definition and Elements of Reasoning, 80
" II. — Division of Reasoning, 31
" III. — Categorical Syllogisms and Their Rules, 32
" IV. — Modes and Figures of the Syllogism, 35
" V. — Hypothetical Syllogisms and Their Rules, 38
" VI. — Abridged and Compound Syllogisms, or Enthymeme, Prosyllogism, Epichirema, Sorites, and Dilemma, 40
" VII. — Induction, 42
" VIII. — Probable or Dialectic Syllogism, 44
" IX. — Sophistical Syllogism, 45
" X. — Utility of the Syllogism, 48
PART SECOND. — TRUTH AND SCIENCE.
CHAPTER I. — TRUTH AND THE DIFFERENT STATES OF THE INTELLECT IN RESPECT TO IT.
Article I. — Truth, 49
" II. — In what Operation of the Intellect Logical Truth is Found, 50
" III. — Different States of the Intellect in respect to Truth, 51
" IV. — Ignorance, Error, and Their Causes, 54
CHAPTER II. — DEMONSTRATION, 57
CHAPTER III. — SCIENCE. — DIVISION OF SCIENCE. — CLASSIFICATION OF THE SCIENCES, 60
PART THIRD. — METHODOLOGY.
CHAPTER I. — METHOD IN GENERAL AND ITS LAWS.
Article I. — Method, 68
" II. — Analysis and Synthesis, 64
CHAPTER II. — DIFFERENT KINDS OF METHOD AND THEIR LAWS.
Article I. — Different Kinds of Method, 66
" II. — Special Laws of Each Method, 67
CHAPTER III. — PROCESSES PROPER TO CERTAIN METHODS.
Article I. — Hypothesis, 69
" II. — Experimentation, 70
" III. — Classification, 78
IDEOLOGY.
GENERAL IDEOLOGY.
CHAPTER I. — IDEAS IN GENERAL.
Article I. — Nature of Ideas, 75
" II. — Characteristics of Ideas, 77
CHAPTER II. — SYSTEMS CONCERNING THE ORIGIN OF IDEAS.
Article I. — Principal Systems concerning the Origin of Ideas, 78
" II. — Sensism, 78
" III. — Critique, or Transcendentalism, 81
" IV. — The System of Innate Ideas, 82
" V. — Ontologism, 84
" VI. — Intermediarism .86
" VII. — Traditionalism, 87
" VIII. — The Scholastic System, 89
CHAPTER III. — UNIVERSALS.
Article I. — Nature of Universals, 94
" II. — Different Opinions on the Nature of Universals, 96
SPECIAL IDEOLOGY.
CHAPTER I. — HOW HUMAN KNOWLEDGE IS ACQUIRED.
Article I. — The First Operation of Intellect and the Perception of Essences, 99
Article II. — How the Intellect Knows Individual Bodies, 102
" III. — The Soul's Knowledge of Itself, 104
" IV. — How the Human Soul Knows God, 104
" V. — Necessity of Sensible Images for Intellection in Our Present Life, 107
CHAPTER II. — KNOWLEDGE OF FIRST PRINCIPLES.
Article I. — Nature of Principles of Knowledge, 109
" II. — The Principle of Contradiction, 110
" III. — The Principle of Causality, 111
CHAPTER III. — LANGUAGE IN RELATION TO THE ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE.
Article I. — Utility of Language in Developing the Mind, 114
" II. — Origin of Language, 115
CRITERIOLOGY ; OR, THE MOTIVES OF CERTITUDE.
CHAPTER I. — THE MENTAL FACULTIES AS MEANS OF ATTAINING TRUTH.
Article I. — The Cognitive Faculties, 117
" II. — The Veracity of the Senses, 118
" III. — The Veracity of Consciousness, 119
" IV. — The Veracity of Intellect and Reason, 120
CHAPTER II. — SCEPTICISM.
Article I. — Nature of Scepticism. — Its Different Kinds, 123
" II. — Refutation of Scepticism, 124
CHAPTER III. — THE ULTIMATE CRITERION OF CERTITUDE.
Article I. — What is meant by the Ultimate Criterion of Certitude, 126
" II. — The Intrinsic Principle of Certitude, 126
" III. — The Extrinsic Principle of Certitude, 130
" IV. — Means by which Testimony is Transmitted, 132
" V. — Authority of Common Sense and of the Learned, 135
" VI. — Importance of Authority as a Criterion of Certitude, 137
REAL PHILOSOPHY; OR, METAPHYSICS.
Definition of Metaphysics. — Its Utility and Division, 139
GENERAL METAPHYSICS ; OR, ONTOLOGY.
Definition and Division of General Metaphysics, 141
BEING AND ITS PROPERTIES.
CHAPTER I. — IDEA AND ANALOGY OF BEING.
Article I. — Idea of Being, 141
" II. — Analogy of Being, 142
CHAPTER II. — THE TRANSCENDENTALS.
Article I. — Number of Transcendentals, 144
" II. — Unity, 144
" III. — Truth, 150
" IV. — Goodness 151
" V. — Beauty. — Sublimity. — Gracefulness, 156
PRINCIPLES AND CAUSES OF BEING, 161
CHAPTER I. — METAPHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF BEING.
Article I. — Potentiality and Actuality; or, Power and Act, 162
" II. — Essence and Existence, 167
CHAPTER II. — CAUSES OF BEING.
Article I. — Division of Causes, 169
" II. — Material Cause and Specific Formal Cause, 170
" III. — Exemplar or Ideal Cause, 170
" IV. — Efficient Cause, 171
" V. — Final Cause, 179
DIVISION OF BEING, 184
CHAPTER I. — REAL BEING AND LOGICAL BEING.
CHAPTER II. — UNCREATED OR INFINITE BEING AND CREATED OR FINITE BEING.
Finite Being, 187
CHAPTER III. — SUBSTANCE AND ACCIDENT.
Article I. — Nature of Substance and Accident, 189
" II. — Different Kinds of Substance, 192
" III. — Subsistence, Supposit, and Person, 192
" IV. — Accidents. — Quantity, 194
" V. — Relation, 196
" VI. — Quality, 199
" VII. — Action, Passion, Time, and Place, 201
SPECIAL METAPHYSICS.
Its Division, 205
COSMOLOGY, 205
CHAPTER I. — THE WORLD IN GENERAL.
Article I. — Origin of the World, 206
" II. — Perfection of the World, 208
" III. — Order of the Universe, 211
CHAPTER II. — THE WORLD IN RELATION TO NON-LIVING OR INORGANIC BODIES.
Article I. — Primitive Elements of Bodies, 214
" II. — Properties of Matter and Form, 218
" III. — The Natural Composite, 222
" IV. — Substantial Changes of Bodies, or Generation and Corruption, 224
" V. — Properties of Bodies, 225
" VI. — Space and Time, 228
CHAPTER III. — THE WORLD : LIVING BODIES.
Article I. — Life in general, 232
" II. — The Soul, or Life-Principle of Living Composites, 234
" III. — The Bodies of Living Composites, 240
" IV. — Vegetative Life, or the Life of Plants, 242
" V. — Sensitive Life, or the Life of Animals, 243
PSYCHOLOGY ; OR, ANTHROPOLOGY, 249
CHAPTER I. — THE HUMAN SOUL AND ITS FACULTIES.
Article I. — Faculties of the Human Soul 250
" II. — The Cognitive Sensitive Faculties. — Sensibility in general, 251
" III. — External Sensibility in general, 258
" IV. — The External Senses in particular, 263
" V. — Internal Senses 264
" VI. — The Appetitive Faculties. — Sensitive Appetite, 273
" VII. — The Intellective Faculties. — The Intellect, 275
" VIII. — Consciousness, 282
" IX. — Attention and Reflection, 284
" X. — The Principal Functions of the Intellect. — Judment, 285
" XI. — Speculative Intellect and Practical Intellect, 287
" XII. — Reason, 287
" XIII. — Intellective Memory, 288
" XIV. — Intellective Appetite, or Will, 290
" XV. — Freedom, 291
" XVI. — Relations of the Will to the Other Faculties of the Soul, 297
" XVII. — Habit, 299
APPENDIX.
Sleep and Insanity, 302
CHAPTER II. — THE HUMAN SOUL CONSIDERED IN ITSELF.
Article I. — Origin of the Human Soul, 305
" II. — Spirituality of the Human Soul, 306
" III. — Immortality of the Human Soul, 311
CHAPTER III. — THE HUMAN SOUL IN RELATION TO ITS BODY.
Article I. — Union of Soul and Body, 315
" II. — Unity of Human Sonl as Substantial Form of the Body, 319
Article III. — Seat or Locus of the Soul, 323
" IV. — The Resurrection of the Body, 324
NATURAL THEOLOGY.
DEFINITION AND DIVISION.
CHAPTER I. — EXISTENCE AND UNITY OF GOD.
Article I. — Proofs of the Existence of God, 327
" II. — Atheism, 331
" III. — Unity of God, 332
" IV. — Dualism, 333
CHAPTER II. — ATTRIBUTES OF GOD IN GENERAL.
ABSOLUTE ATTRIBUTES.
Article I. — Attributes of God in general, 335
" II. — Absolute Attributes of God. — Aseity, 337
" III. — Infinity, Eternity, Immutability, Simplicity, and Immensity, 338
" IV. — The Divine Intelligence, 339
" V. — The Divine Will 341
" VI. — The Divine Power, 342
CHAPTER III. — RELATIVE ATTRIBUTES OF GOD.
Article I. — God the Creator, 347
" II. — Pantheism, 350
" III. — God the Preserver, 355
" IV. — The Divine Concurrence with the Actions of Creatures, 358
" V. — Omnipresence of God, 359
" VI. — Providence of God, 360
MORAL PHILOSOPHY.
Definition of Moral Philosophy. — Character of the Science. — Its Excellence, Method, and Division, 367
ETHICS.
DIVISION.
CHAPTER I. — THE END OF HUMAN ACTIONS.
Article I. — Good in general as the End of Every Being, and the First Principle of Its Operations, 370
" II. — The Supreme Good as the Last End of Man, 373
" III. — The Supreme Good in relation to Man's Life upon Earth, 376
CHAPTER II. — SUBJECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN ACTIONS.
Article I. — The Faculty by which Human Actions are Elicited, 378
" II. — The Passions, 382
" III. — Virtues and Vices, 385
CHAPTER III. — MORALITY OF HUMAN ACTIONS.
I. — On what the Morality of Human Actions Depends, 388
II. — Constituent Principles of the Morality of Human Actions, 391
III. — Imputability, 393
IV. — Merit and Demerit, 394
CHAPTER IV. — LAW, THE RULE OF HUMAN ACTIONS.
Article I. — Moral Duty, 396
" II. — Right, 399
" III. — Law in general, 402
" IV. — The Eternal Law, 404
" V. — The Natural Law of Conscience, 404
" VI. — Sanction of Moral Law, 407
" VII. — The First Precept of the Natural Law, 410
" VIII. — False Systems of Morality as Derived from Their First Moral Precept, 411
" IX. — Conscience, 415
NATURAL LAW, 418
PART I. — INDIVIDUAL LAW.
CHAPTER I. — MAN'S DUTIES TO GOD, 419
CHAPTER II. — MAN'S DUTIES TO HIMSELF.
Article I. — The Foundation of Man's Duties to Himself, 425
" II. — Man's Duties to His Soul, 425
" III. — Man's Duties to His Body, 427
CHAPTER III. — MAN'S DUTIES TO HIS FELLOW-MEN.
Article I. — Love of One's Neighbor, 430
" II. — The Right of Self-Defence, and Duelling, 434
" III. — Rights and Duties in Relation to Social Good, 436
" IV. — Contracts, 446
PART II. — SOCIAL LAW, 450
CHAPTER I. — DOMESTIC SOCIETY.
Article I. — Nature of Marriage, 451
" II. — Unity and Indissolubility of Marriage, 453
" III. — Reciprocal Duties of Husband and Wife, 454
" IV. — Duties of Parents and Children, 455
" V. — Duties of Masters and Servants, 457
Chapter II. — Civil Society.
Article I. — Nature of Civil Society, 459
" II. — The Social State in Relation to Man, 459
" III. — The Primitive Fact that Reduces to Act the Natural Sociability of Man, 461
" IV. — End of Civil Society, 462
" V. — Elements of Civil Society, 463
" VI. — Nature of Civil Authority, 465
" VII. — Origin of Civil Authority, 466
" VIII. — Diverse Polities, 468
" IX. — Manner of Transmitting Supreme Power, 470
" X. — Exercise of Supreme Power, 471
" XI. — Duties of the Ruler and His Subjects, 476
PART III. — THE COMMON LAW OF NATIONS.
Chapter I. — Natural Relations existing between Different Nations, 478
CHAPTER II. — PEACEFUL RELATIONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT NATIONS.
Article I. — The Duties Prescribed by the Love of One Nation for Another, 480
" II. — Commerce, 480
" III. — Treaties and the Right of Embassy, 481
CHAPTER III. — WAR.
Article I. — Nature and Justice of War, 483
" II. — Duties during and after War, 484
CHAPTER IV. — THE SOCIETY OF NATIONS, 486
APPENDIX ON RELIGIOUS SOCIETY.
Article I. — Nature and Organization of the Church, 488
" II. — Rights of the Church, 490
" III. — Mutual Relations of Church and State, 492
" IV. — Relations between the Church and International Society, 493
III. STORY OF PHILOSOPHY, 495
ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY.
Oriental Philosophy, 498
First Period of Ancient Philosophy, 499
Second Period of Ancient Philosophy, 503
Third Period of Ancient Philosophy,
MEDIAEVAL PHILOSOPHY.
First Period, 505
Second Period,
1. Arabian Philosophy, 505
2. The Philosophy of the Schools before St. Thomas, 507
3. Apogee of the Scholastic Philosophy, 510
Third Period.
Decline of Scholastic Philosophy, 512
MODERN PHILOSOPHY.
First Period. 1. Epoch of Transition, 514
Second Period. 2. Philosophy of Bacon, Descartes, and Leibnitz, 515
3. The Schools of Bacon, Descartes, and Leibnitz, 518
4. The Scotch School and the German School, 520
5. Present Schools in France, 522
6. Philosophy in England and America, 523
INDEX OF SUBJECTS, 525
INDEX OF AUTHORS REFERRED TO, 536
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