Relations between the United States and South Africa—or the parts of the world these nations now occupy—go nearly as far back as the very beginning of their inception as permanent European colonial intrusions. Unprecedented in its scope (supported by detailed extensive end notes together with copious bibliographic citations and a lengthy chronology, glossary, and appendices), the book distinguishes itself from extant works in a number of other ways. Set against the backdrop of a wider interdisciplinary exploration of both ideational and structural issues of historical context, it not only gives attention to the importance of contributions from nonofficial actors in shaping official relations, but also considers the impact of the geopolitical location of South Africa within southern Africa, where the presence of other nations—particularly Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, and Zimbabwe—looms large. Methodologically, it is written from the perspectives of both traditional narrative history and Khaldunian interpretive historical analysis; consequently, it also sits at the interdisciplinary interstice of political economy and sociology where the aim is to advance our understanding of the Braudelian interconnectedness of world history as an important diachronic determinant of the diplomacy of foreign relations. Written for both scholars and policy analysts, this book’s examination of the agency of the marginalized should also be of interest to activists and the reading public.

REVIEWS

"In a sentence, this is a comprehensive, dense, rich, thoughtful, and troubling book, covering the full sweep of relations between the governments of South Africa and the United States, and between the peoples and institutions of those two countries.... [T]his book [garners] top marks in its thoroughness and in the author's grasp of the literature and the essence of the theses and arguments around the issues at hand." --INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES

While [the author] spends only the first few chapters of his study on the time before the mid- twentieth century, this sets the stage for his thorough examination of modern economic and political relations between the two countries.... In order to explain the contacts between the nations, Lulat gives a solid history of the region of South Africa and its internal and external development. The book is well referenced with several maps, a timeline and appendices. -- REFERENCE & RESEARCH BOOK NEWS

CONTENTS LISTING BY TOPICS

Maps
--Map 1. Southern Africa in the sixteenth century
--Map 2. The southwestern Cape, circa 1710
--Map 3. The expansion of the Cape Colony, 1652–1895
--Map 4. African “homelands” in 1984
--Map 5. Postapartheid South Africa in 2008 (based on a U.N. map)
--Map 6. Africa in 2008 (based on a U.N. map)

Preface
--Acknowledgments
-NOTES

Chronology
-PART ONE
--The Beginnings
--1400s
--1500s
--1600s
--1700s
--1800s
--1900s
--2000–2008
-PART TWO
--Pre-Apartheid Era (Proto-Apartheid Legislation)
--Masters and Servants Acts
--The Glen Grey Act
--The Asiatic Law Amendment Act (Act No. 2)
--The Native Land Act (Act No. 27 of 1913)
--Native Urban Areas Act (Act No. 21 of 1923)
--Industrial Conciliation Act (Act No. 11 of 1924)
--Immorality Act (Act No. 5 of 1926)
--Sexual Offenses (Immorality) Act (Act No. 23 of 1957)
--Riotous Assemblies (Amendment) Act (Act No. 19 of 1930)
--Native Laws Amendment Act (Act No. 46 of 1937)
--Natives (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act (Act No. 25 of 1945)
--Asiatic Land Tenure (and Indian Representation) Act (Act No. 28 of 1946)
--Asiatic Laws Amendment Act (Act No. 47 of 1948)
--Apartheid Era
--Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (Act No. 55 of 1949)
--Population Registration Act (Act No. 30 of 1950)
--Group Areas Act (Act No. 41 of 1950)
--Internal Security (Suppression of Communism) Act (Act No. 44 of 1950)
--Suppression of Communism Amendment Act (Act No. 50 of 1951)
--Riotous Assemblies and Suppression of Communism Amendment Act (Act No 15 of 1954)
--Unlawful Organizations Act (Act No. 34 of 1960)
--Internal Security Act (Act No. 32 of 1979)
--Internal Security Act (Act No. 74 of 1982).
--Black Building Workers Act (Act No. 27 of 1951)
--Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act (Act No. 52 of 1951)
--Bantu Authorities Act (Act No. 68 of 1951)
--Native Education Act (Act No. 47 of 1953)
--Native Laws Amendment Act (Act No. 54 of 1952)
--Aliens and Immigration Laws Amendment Act (Act No. 49 of 1984)
--Public Safety Act (Act No. 3 of 1953)
--Native Labor Regulations (Native Labor and Settlement of Disputes) Act (Act No. 48 of 1953)
--Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (Act No. 49 of 1953)
--Natives Resettlement Act (Act No 19 of 1954)
--South Africa Amendment Act (Act No. 9 of 1956)
--Riotous Assemblies Act (Act No. 17 of 1956)
--Natives (Prohibition of Interdicts) Act (Act No. 64 of 1956)
--Extension of University Education Act (Act No. 45 of 1959)
--Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act (Act No. 46 of 1959)
--Indemnity Act (Act No. 61 of 1961)
--General Law Amendment (Sabotage) Act (Act No. 76 of 1962)
--Terrorism Act (Act No. 83 of 1967)
--Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act (Act No. 50 of 1968)
--Public Service Amendment Act (Act No. 86 of 1969)
--Bantu Homelands Citizens (National States Citizenship) Act (Act No. 26 of 1970)
--Aliens Control Act (Act No 40 of 1973)
--Publications Act (Act No. 15 of 1983)
--Prisons Amendment Act (Act No. 35 of 1983)
--Republic of South Africa Constitution Act (Act No. 110 of 1983)
--Elite Unit Act (Act No. 18 of 1986)
--Discriminatory Legislation Regarding Public Amenities Repeal Act (Act No. 100 of 1990)
--Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act (Act No. 108 of 1991)
-NOTES

PART ONE
ECONOMIC RELATIONS,
1680S–1991

Chapter 1
The Beginnings,
1680s–1866
-THE BEGINNINGS
-COMMERCE IN OTHER GUISES
--Whaling
--Piracy and Privateering
--Slave Trading
-WINE, WOOL AND OTHER COMMODITIES
-DIRECT BUSINESS INVESTMENT—A NEW PHASE
-EPILOGUE: ON THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THOSE EARLY ECONOMIC RELATIONS
--The Ideology of “Whiteness”
-NOTES

Chapter 2
Economic Relations,
1867–1960
-U.S. ECONOMIC INTERESTS, 1867–1913
--Diamonds, Gold, and U.S. Mining Engineers -U.S. ECONOMIC INTERESTS, 1914–1960
--Direct Investments: The Beginning --Direct Investments: 1948–1959 ----Charles Engelhard, and Oppenheimer -EPILOGUE: THE ANNEXATION OF AFRICAN LABOR
--Race and U.S. Mining Engineers
--The Compound System and the Color bar
--Historical Antecedents
----The Capture of Khoena Labor. ----The Transmutation of “Legal” Slavery into Indentured Servitude
----The Enslavement of Women and Children on the Frontier. ----The Destruction of a Nascent Peasantry. ----Extracting Labor from the BMP. --Race and Labor: Implications
----Racist Practices Across Time and Space. ----Role of the British. ----Peasantization ----The White Labor “Aristocracy.” NOTES

Chapter 3
Economic Relations,
1961–1991
-ECONOMIC RELATIONS, 1960–1980
--Direct Investments: The Flood
----Caltex, Mobil, and Exxon.
----General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler.
----Union Carbide, Newmont Mining, Phelps Dodge, Kennecott, American Metal Climax.
----John Deere, General Electric, Caterpillar Tractor, Dresser Industries, Goodyear,
----Firestone, Motorola, ITT, Kodak, Fluor, Allis Chalmers, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing (3M).
----Control Data, Burroughs, Sperry Rand, International Business Machines (IBM), Hewlett Packard, National
----Cash Register (NCR), Mohawk Data Sciences, Computer Sciences.
----Chase Manhattan, Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, Morgan Guaranty, Bank of America.
-ECONOMIC RELATIONS, 1980–1991
--The Era of Reagan’s “Constructive Engagement”
--The Downward Spiral
--The Economic Contradictions of Apartheid: The Beginning of the End
----Economies of scale
----Rapid labor turnover
-SYNOPSIS
-EPILOGUE: FOREIGN INVESTMENTS AND THE APARTHEID SYSTEM
--Foreign Capital and the Capital Goods Sector
--Support for the Apartheid System
----Apartheid-related Bureaucracy
----Forces of Coercion
----Higher Standard of Living
--Apartheid and Capitalism
-NOTES

PART TWO
POLITICAL AND OTHER RELATIONS,
1799–PRESENT

Chapter 4
The Beginnings,
1799–1944
-U.S. CAPITAL AND BRITISH IMPERIALISM
--The Jameson Raid
--The Anglo-Boer War
--White U.S. Missionaries
--The American Zulu Mission: An Evaluation
----Politics
----Racism
----Cultural hubris
----Ethiopianism
--Temporary Downturn in U.S. Economic Relations
--Unification of South Africa
--The Philanthropic Connection
--The Second World War
-THE INTERWAR PERIOD: 1918–1939
--The Namibia Question
-EPILOGUE: THE UNITED STATES AND AFRICAN COLONIZATION
-NOTES

Chapter 5
Truman--Eisenhower Years,
1945–1960
--Namibia
--Monopoly Capitalism and U.S. Foreign Policy
-THE EISENHOWER YEARS 1953–1960
-EPILOGUE: ON THE COLD WAR
-NOTES

Chapter 6
Kennedy--Johnson Years,
1961–1968
-VOLUNTARY ARMS EMBARGO
-ANGOLA
-JOHNSON ADMINISTRATION 1963–1969
--Rhodesia
--Namibia
--Shore Leave for U.S. Sailors
-EPILOGUE: JOHNSON AND CIVIL RIGHTS
-NOTES

Chapter 7
Nixon--Ford Years,
1969–1976
-NATIONAL SECURITY STUDY MEMORANDUM 39
--Option No. 2
----Friendship
----Protecting the Interests of Capital
----Diplomatic Respectability
----Domestic Constituency
-FORD ADMINISTRATION 1974–76
-U.S. GOVERNMENTS AND PORTUGUESE COLONIALISM
--Angola in 1975: The Key Internal Players
----MPLA
----FNLA
----UNITA
-KISSINGER, ANGOLA, AND SOUTH AFRICA
-RHODESIA, KISSINGER, AND SOUTH AFRICA
-EPILOGUE: RACE AND U.S. FOREIGN POLICY
-NOTES

Chapter 8
Carter Years,
1977–1980
-ANDREW YOUNG AND FALSE CONSCIOUSNESS
-ANGOLA
-RHODESIA (ZIMBABWE)
-NAMIBIA
-NUCLEAR WEAPONS PROLIFERATION
-“MULDERGATE” AND THE PROPAGANDA WAR
-NOTES

Chapter 9
Reagan Years,
1981–1988
-CONSTRUCTIVE ENGAGEMENT
----Military Contacts
----Nuclear Cooperation
----Dual Use Military and Nuclear Exports
----International Financial Assistance
-TOTAL STRATEGY
----Internal Reforms
--Regional Strategy
-BOTHA AND APARTHEID REFORMS
----Labor
----Security Laws
----Political Participation (Blacks)
----Political Participation (Whites)
-NAMIBIA, ANGOLA, AND MOZAMBIQUE
--The Ignominy of “Linkage”
--Repressive Terrorism in Namibia
--The Angola-Namibia Accord of 1988
----The Cold War
----Political Consciousness
--The Agony of Mozambique
--Terrorism: SAAG and Renamo
--Nkomati Accord
----Soviet Parsimony
----Washington’s Parsimony
-NOTES

Chapter 10
The U.S. Antiapartheid
“Movement” versus Reagan
-THE SECOND “DECADE OF ANTIAPARTHEID REBELLION”
--The State of Emergency: 1985–1990
-THE U.S. ANTIAPARTHEID “MOVEMENT”
--Civil Rights and Community-Based National Groups
--White Church-Based Groups
--Black Church-based Groups
--University and College Students
----The Divestment Campaign
----Achievements
----The Role of the University in Society
----Business and Ethics
----Expanding the Domain of Foreign-policy-making
----Weaknesses
--Philanthropic Organizations
--Cultural Sector Groups
-THE “FREE SOUTH AFRICA MOVEMENT”
-THE COMPREHENSIVE ANTI APARTHEID ACT OF 1986
----Racism
----Ignorance
----The Weak Foreign policy Role of U.S. African Americans
----The Media Strength of the Conservative and Ultra Conservative Forces
----Organizational Atomization of Progressive Forces
--Opposition to Sanctions
----Victimizing the victims
----An Ineffective Instrument
----Undermining Economic Growth
-EPILOGUE: SANCTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
-NOTES

Chapter 11
Bush (Sr.) Years,
1989–1992
-ANGOLA
-MOZAMBIQUE
-NAMIBIA
-THE BEGINNING OF THE END OF APARTHEID
--The ANC and the SACP
--The Black Rebellion
--Economic Sanctions and Its Consequences
--The Significance of the Bush Presidential Victory
--“Divide and Rule” Strategy
--The Collapse of Bureaucratic Communism in Eastern Europe
-NOTES

Chapter 12
Clinton Years,
1993–2000
-THE PRINCIPAL POLITICAL ACTORS
--African National Congress of South Africa
--National Party
--South African Communist Party (SACP)
--Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC)
--Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP)
--South African Indian Congress
--Democratic Party
--Azanian People’s Organization
--Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (Afrikaner Resistance Movement—AWB)
--Mass Democratic Movement (MDM)
-THE U.S. ROLE
----Lines of Trust
----Principles
----Material Support
----Post-apartheid Assistance
-COMMENCEMENT OF THE POST-APARTHEID ERA
-NOTES

Chapter 13
Bush-Cheney Years,
2001–2008

-NOTES

Chapter 14
The Realm of Ideas:
Cognitive Relations
-IDEATIONAL RELATIONS
--“Tuskegeeism” and the Education of Black South Africans
----The Phelps Stokes African Education Commission (PSAEC)
----Charles T. Loram
--Black Power and Black Consciousness
--Black Liberation Theology
--Nonviolent Civil Disobedience
--Musical Influences: borrowing, blending, and transmutation
----Minstrelsy and Jubilee Songs
----Jazz
----Television
COMPARATIVE ANALYTICAL “RELATIONS”
--Apartheid versus Jim Crow
--Colonization: Little Big Horn and Isandlwana
--Affirmative Action
--White Racialized Violence
--Environmental History
NOTES

PART THREE
U.S. AFRICAN AMERICANS AND
SOUTH AFRICA, 1800S–PRESENT

Chapter 15
U.S. African Americans and
South Africa, 1800s–1948
THE AME CHURCH IN SOUTH AFRICA
--The AME and Education
--The Political Impact of the AME
--Pre War Influence: An Assessment
-GARVEY AND GARVEYISM
--Garveyism in South Africa, 1920s–1930s
----Garveyism in Cape Town
----Garveyism in the Transkei
----Garveyism in Kimberly
-NOTES

Chapter 16
U.S. African Americans and
South Africa, 1949–2008
-RESURGENT INTEREST
--The American Negro Leadership Conference on Africa (ANLCA)
--The Polaroid “Experiment”
--Sullivan Principles
-U.S. AFRICAN AMERICANS, U.S. JEWISH AMERICANS AND SOUTH AFRICA
-THE ANTIAPARTHEID STRUGGLE IN THE 1980S
-EPILOGUE: THE POLITICS OF THE AFRICAN DIASPORA
-NOTES

PART FOUR
LOOKING TOWARD THE FUTURE

Chapter 17
U.S. Relations with South Africa
in the Years Ahead

-NOTES

Appendix I
The Historical Antecedents from
the Perspective of the “Other”
----The Hundred-Year War
----Wars of Dispossession
----The Great Trek
----Xhosa Cattle-Killing
--The Parallel Scenario in North America
--The African Economy Prior to the European Intrusion
-NOTES

Appendix II
Analytical Subthemes
--The State and the “National Interest”
--Foreign Policy and Morality
--Intellectuals and Foreign Policy
--On Race and Racism
----Racism and the White Working Class
----Racism and Capitalism
----The Myth of “Reverse Racism.”
----Racism and Class
----Racism and Appropriation
-NOTES

Abbreviations, Acronyms,
and Glossary

Bibliography

Index