Focusing on the period of Milton Friedman's collaboration with Anna J. Schwartz, this work examines the history of debates between Friedman and his critics over money's causal role in business cycles. Professor Hammond shows that critics' reactions were grounded in two distinctive features of Friedman and Schwartz's way of doing economic analysis - their National Bureau business-cycle methods and Friedman's Marshallian methodology.

With the postwar dominance of Cowles Commission methods and Walrasian methodology, Friedman and Schwartz's monetary economics appeared to contemporary critics to be "measurement without theory.".

Drawing extensively on unpublished materials, Professor Hammond's treatment offers new insights on Friedman's attempts to settle debates with his critics and his eventual recognition of the methodological impediments. The book will interest monetary economists and macroeconomists, as well as historians of economics and methodologists.