PREFACE
This book was written primarily for the student Gunner's Mate, and was designed for use in Naval Gunner's Mate Schools which provide a course in basic hydraulics.
Normally the basic hydraulics course is covered in a relatively short period, and is followed by other courses leading to a more specialized study of ordnance hydraulic systems. It is highly important that the Gunner's Mate have a sound knowledge and understanding of basic hydraulic principles before he starts his specialized studies. Because the students who take the basic course vary in their experience with hydraulic systems, there is every reason for simplicity and clarity in this presentation.
It was realized that knowing how a system works is just as important as practical acquaintance with the system. Neither form of experience is a substitute for the other. An effort has therefore been made not only to describe but to explain.
It is nevertheless a fact that much remains unexplained in this book, and must be accepted as part of the body of scientific thinking. There are no mathematical demonstrations, and very few formulas. Wherever possible the principles of hydraulics have been shown to, be consistent with everyday knowledge and experience.
It is believed that this volume will be of value to all branches of the service which employ hydraulic equipment. Acknowledgement is made of the cooperation of the Bureau of Ships and the Bureau of Ordnance in the preparation of this manual.
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1952 reprint of August 1945 manual.
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Table of Contents
1952 reprint of August 1945 manual.
PREFACE
This book was written primarily for the student Gunner's Mate, and was designed for use in Naval Gunner's Mate Schools which provide a course in basic hydraulics.
Normally the basic hydraulics course is covered in a relatively short period, and is followed by other courses leading to a more specialized study of ordnance hydraulic systems. It is highly important that the Gunner's Mate have a sound knowledge and understanding of basic hydraulic principles before he starts his specialized studies. Because the students who take the basic course vary in their experience with hydraulic systems, there is every reason for simplicity and clarity in this presentation.
It was realized that knowing how a system works is just as important as practical acquaintance with the system. Neither form of experience is a substitute for the other. An effort has therefore been made not only to describe but to explain.
It is nevertheless a fact that much remains unexplained in this book, and must be accepted as part of the body of scientific thinking. There are no mathematical demonstrations, and very few formulas. Wherever possible the principles of hydraulics have been shown to, be consistent with everyday knowledge and experience.
It is believed that this volume will be of value to all branches of the service which employ hydraulic equipment. Acknowledgement is made of the cooperation of the Bureau of Ships and the Bureau of Ordnance in the preparation of this manual.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION 1-29
Development of hydraulics 1
Advantages and problems of hydraulic set-ups 3
Physical properties of liquids 6
Pressure and force in hydraulic systems 10
Hydraulic jacks and brakes 14
Atmospheric pressure 20
Input and output relations 24
Chapter 2
LIQUID FLOW 30-53
Description of flow 30
Factors involved in flow 35
Measurement of flow factors 45
Water hammer 49
Elements of working hydraulic systems 50
Chapter 3
PRESSURE GAUGES AND VOLUME METERS 54-66
Bourdon pressure gauge 54
Schrader hydraulic gauge 56
Volume meters 60
Chapter 4
PIPES, FITTINGS AND SEALS 67-91
Pipes 67
Fittings: screwed fittings 71
Flanged fittings 74
Compression fittings 76
Gaskets, oil seals and packing rings 79
Maintenance of hydraulic equipment 83
Chapter 5
SIMPLE VALVES 92-109
What valves are, and how they are used 92
Classification of valves 94
Different types of simple valves 96
Installation and maintenance of valves 106
Chapter 6
COMPOUND AND PRESSURE REDUCING VALVES 110-133
How compound valves operate 110
Compound relief valves 111
Pressure reducing valves 128
Chapter 7
DIRECTIONAL VALVES 134-153
What they are 134
Spool directional valves 135
Rotary directional valves 142
Flow control valves 144
Valve blocks and panels 148
Methods of operating valves 151
Chapter 8
INTRODUCTION TO PUMPS 154-185
What a pump is 154
Classification of pumps by types 155
Classification of pumps by groups 160
Head and energy relations in pump systems 163
Comparison of pump types 172
Installation, maintenance and casualties 174
Reciprocating pumps 177
Chapter 9
CENTRIFUGAL AND PROPELLER PUMPS 186-206
What goes on in a centrifugal pump 186
Kinds of centrifugal pumps 192
Propeller pumps 202
Mixed flow pumps 205
Chapter 10
CONSTANT DELIVERY ROTARY PUMPS 207-230
General 207
Typical rotary pumps: gear pumps 210
Gear-like pumps 217
Screw pumps 218
Lobe pumps 219
Rotating plunger pumps 221
Internal gear pumps 223
Vane pumps 226
Installation and operation 228
Chapter 11
RADIAL PISTON PUMPS AND MOTORS 231-248
Radial piston pumps 231
Radial piston motors 243
Installation, maintenance and casualties 247
Chapter 12
AXIAL PISTON PUMPS AND MOTORS 249-272
Principle of the axial piston pump 249
Waterbury variable speed transmission 257
Northern Series 7000 pump-motor 266
Vickers axial piston pump 266
Uses of these pumps 268
Installation, maintenance and casualties 269
Chapter 13
HYDRAULIC LIQUIDS 273-286
Functions of a hydraulic liquid 273
Properties of a satisfactory hydraulic liquid 274
Oils recommended for naval use 279
Care and maintenance of hydraulic oils 281
Chapter 14
ORDNANCE HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS 287-306
Recoil arid counterrecoil systems 287
Constant delivery systems 291
Variable delivery systems 295
INDEX 307
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