Hydrates in aqueous solution.
Evidence for the existence of hydrates in solution, their approximate composition, and certain spectroscopic investigations bearing upon the hydrate problem.
by Jones, Harry Clary
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CONTENTS. PAGE.
INTRODUCTION 1
Work of Chambers 1
Work of Chambers and Frazer 3
Earlier Work of Getman
Freezing-point Apparatus 4
Conductivity Apparatus 5
Solutions 7
Freezing-point Method 7
Conductivity Method 8
Boiling-point Method 8
Refractivity Method 8
Substances Employed in Earlier Work 9
Results Obtained in Earlier Work 9
Conclusions from the Earlier Work 14
WORK OF GETMAN AND BASSETT 10
EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE or HYDRATES 17
Effect of Temperature on Water of Crystallization as Bearing on the
Theory of Hydrates in Solution 17
Relation between Water of Crystallization and Lowering of Freezing-
point 20
Experimental Work 26
CALCULATION OF THE APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF THE HYDRATES 28
The Results 28
COMPOUNDS THAT HAVE BEEN STUDIED 30
Lithium Chloride 30
Lithium Bromide 31
Lithium Iodide 32
Lithium Nitrate 32
Sodium Chloride 33
Sodium Bromide 34
Sodium Iodide 35
Sodium Nitrate 36
Sodium Sulphate 36
Sodium Carbonate 37
Sodium Chromate 37
Sodium Bichromate 38
Sodium Phosphate 39
Sodium Ammonium Acid Phosphate 40
Sodium Acetate 41
Sodium Hydroxide 41
Potassium Chloride 42
Potassium Bromide 43
Potassium Iodide 43
Potassium Nitrate 44
Potassium Sulphate 44
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate 45
V
VI CONTENTS.
PAGE.
WORK OF GETiMAN AND BASSET! Continued.
COMPOUNDS THAT HAVE BEEN STUDIED Continued.
Potassium Carbonate 45
Potassium Ferricyanide 46
Dissociation of Potassium Ferricyanide 46
Potassium Ferrocyanide 46
Dissociation of Potassium Ferrocyanide 47
Potassium Hydroxide 48
Potassium Cupric Chloride 49
Ammonium Chloride 50
Ammonium Nitrate 51
Ammonium Sulphate 51
Ammonium Cupric Chloride 52
Ammonium Hydroxide 53
Calcium Chloride 54
Calcium Bromide 55
Calcium Iodide 57
Calcium Nitrate 58
Strontium Chloride .* 58
Strontium Bromide 59
Strontium Iodide 60
Strontium Nitrate 61
Barium Chloride 62
Barium Bromide 63
Barium Iodide 64
Magnesium Chloride 65
Magnesium Bromide 67
Magnesium Nitrate 08
Magnesium Sulphate 69
Zinc Chloride 70
Zinc Nitrate 70
Zinc Sulphate 71
Cadmium Chloride 72
Cadmium Bromide 72
Cadmium Iodide 72
Cadmium Nitrate 72
Cadmium Sulphate 73
Manganese Chloride 73
Manganese Nitrate 75
Manganese Sulphate 76
Nickel Chloride 76
Nickel Nitrate 78
Nickel Sulphate 79
Cobalt Chloride 80
Cobalt Nitrate 82
Cobalt Sulphate 83
Copper Chloride 84
Copper Nitrate 85
Copper Sulphate 86
CONTENTS. VH
P^GE.
WORK OP GETMAN AND BASSETT Continued.
COMPOUNDS THAT HAVE BEEN STUDIED Continued.
Aluminium Chloride 87
Aluminium Nitrate 88
Aluminium Sulphate 88
Chromium Chloride 89
Chromium Nitrate 90
Ferric Chloride 91
Ferric Nitrate 92
Hydrochloric Acid 93
Hydrobromic Acid 94
Nitric Acid 90
Sulphuric Acid 97
Chromic Acid 98
Phosphoric Acid 100
Methyl Alcohol 101
Ethyl Alcohol 102
N-Propyl Alcohol 103
Acetone 104
Acetamide 104
Urea 105
Chloral Hydrate 105
Glycerol 106
Glucose 107
Fructose 107
Mannite 108
Lactose 109
Cane-Sugar 109
Organic Acids 110
Acetic Acid 110
Oxalic Acid 112
Succinic Acid 113
Tartaric Acid 114
Citric Acid 115
Freezing-point Curves . . .Hi'., 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 127, 128, 133, 134
Conductivity Curves 117,118,119,120.121.123,124,125,127,129
Refractivity Curves 118. 122. 123, 125, 126, 128, 129
Hydrate Curves 130,131,132,134
DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS 135
General Relations 142
Nature of the Compounds formed 143
Do Ions or Molecules Form Hydrates? 143
The Old and the New Hydrate Theory 143
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 144
THE FORMATION OF ALCOHOLATES BY CERTAIN SALTS IN SOLUTION IN METHYL AND
ETHYL ALCOHOLS WORK OF MCMASTER 147
Results with Methyl Alcohol 149
Results with Ethyl Alcohol 150
VIII CONTENTS.
PAGE.
THE FORMATION OF ALCOHOLATES BY CERTAIN SALTS IN SOLUTION IN METHYL AND
ETHYL ALCOHOLS WORK OF MCMASTER Continued.
THE BEARING OF HYDRATES ON THE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF CONDUC-
TIVITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 153
SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS WORK OF UHLER 160
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 161
The Spectrograph 169
The Spectroscope 170
The Cells 171
Freezing-point Apparatus 177
Conductivity Apparatus 177
Photographic Material 178
Sources of Light 179
Exposures and Spectrograms 180
Plates 182
Wave-lengths of Reference Lines 185
Experimental Facts and Data 186
Solutions 186
Cobalt Chloride 187
Cupric Chloride 190
Cupric Bromide 1 92
Cobalt Chloride and Calcium Chloride 194
Cobalt Chloride and Calcium Bromide 200
Cobalt Chloride and Aluminium Chloride 205
Copper Chloride and Calcium Chloride 213
Copper Chloride and Calcium Bromide 215
Copper Chloride and Aluminium Chloride 221
Copper Bromide and Calcium Chloride 224
Copper Bromide and Calcium Bromide 226
Copper Bromide and Aluminium Chloride 230
General Summary of Results 232
Discussion of the Several Theories 232
NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 241
Apparatus 241
Solutions 244
Cobalt Chloride in Methyl Alcohol 244
Cobalt Chloride in Ethyl Alcohol 245
Cobalt Chloride in Acetone 247
Copper Chloride in Methyl Alcohol 251
Copper Chloride in Ethyl Alcohol 252
Copper Chloride in Acetone 253
Copper Bromide in Methyl Alcohol 255
Copper Bromide in Ethyl Alcohol 256
CONCLUSIONS 259
REFERENCES TO PAPERS ALREADY PUBLISHED ON THIS SAME SUBJECT 260
INDEX .. 261
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Edition Notes
"References to papers already published on this same subject": p. 260.
Full text available at:
http://www.archive.org/stream/carnegieinstitut60carn/carnegieinstitut60carn_djvu.txt
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