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This title presents an important re-examination of the Byzantine iconoclasm - the widespread phenomenon of destruction of images that took place in the 7th to 9th centuries AD - by the leading scholar in the field.
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Table of Contents
1
Introduction: what is Byzantine iconoclasm? -- 1
Who were the Byzantines? -- 1
Terminology: icons, iconoclast, iconoclasm, iconomachy -- 3
Chronology: a brief sketch -- 4
The sources -- 5
Approach -- 6 -- 2
The background -- 9
Belief and practice -- 9
The Orthodox hierarchy -- 9
Intercession -- 10
The cult of saints and the cult of relics -- 10
Relics, images and icons -- 11
Images not-made-by-human-hands -- 11
Images made by human hands -- 13
The changing role of icons -- 13
The Persian war and the Islamic conquests -- 15
Why did the role of icons shift around the year 680? -- 16
Conclusions -- 18 -- 3
The beginnings of the image struggle -- 22
Constantine of Nakoleia, Thomas of Klaudioupoiis and local reactions against religious images -- 22
The political backdrop: Leo Ill's rise and achievements -- 24
Leo's rise to power -- 25
Leo and the Arabs -- 25
Leo's reforms -- 25
Was Leo III an iconoclast? -- 27 -- 4
Constantine V, the 754 synod, and the imposition of an official anti-image policy -- 32
The iconoclast synod of 754 -- 33
The destruction -- and construction -- of images -- 35
Artisanal production under Constantine V -- 39
Byzantium and its neighbours -- 45
The stabilisation of Byzantine frontiers -- 45
Byzantium and the west -- 46
The western response to the Council of 754 -- 46
Constantine V and the monasteries: persecution or a response to treason? -- 47
Conclusions -- 49 -- 5
The iconophile intermission -- 56
Leo IV (775-780) -- 57
Rome and the Bulgars -- 58
Eirene and Constantine VI (780-797), Nikaia II and the restoration of image veneration -- 59
Papal and Frankish responses to the 787 Council -- 62
The political background -- 62
The response to Nikaia II -- 62
Byzantine responses to the 787 Council -- 64
Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki -- 64
Other imperial commissions -- 65
Non-imperial commissions: the cross-in-square church plan -- 66
Monastic reform and new technologies of writing -- 68
The introduction of minuscule -- 69
Cross-cultural exchange -- 70
Icons and pilgrimage to Mount Sinai -- 70
Silks and cross-cultural exchange -- 72
Constantine VI and Eirene -- 77
The 'moichian controversy' and the deposition of Constantine VI -- 78
The empress Eirene (797-802) -- 79
Nikephoros I (802-811) and Michael I Rangabe (811-813) -- 81 -- 6
The iconoclasts return -- 90
Why was 'iconoclasm' revived? -- 90
Theophilos and the Arabs -- 93
Theophilos (829-842) as emperor -- 94
Hagia Sophia and the new balance of power between church and state -- 95
Theophilos as builder -- the Great Palace -- 98
Technology and diplomacy -- 100
Monks, nuns and monasteries -- 100 -- 7
The 'triumph of orthodoxy' and the impact of the image crisis -- 107
Theodora, Michael III, Methodios and the synod of 843 -- 107
Representation and register: theology and practice -- 109
Icons in theory: the theology of icons -- 109
Icons in practice -- 111 -- 8
Conclusions: the impact of iconomachy and the invention of 'iconoclasm' -- 115
The impact of the image struggle on Orthodox liturgy and artisanal production -- 116
Women and icons -- 117
The invention of' iconoclasm' -- 120
Lazaros the painter -- 121
Other iconoclasms -- 124
Was 'iconoclasm' about icons?-- 125.
Edition Notes
Includes bibliographical references and index.
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