Unionid mussels were collected by quadrat sampling at three mussel beds in Reach is of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) between July 1994 and September 1995. A total of 7,107 unionids were collected representing 26 species, including the federally endangered Lampsilis higginsi, state endangered Plethohosus cyphyus and Cumberlandia monodonta, and state threatened Ellipsaria lineolata. Mean densities at our study sites ranged from 53,4 to 118.3 mussels/m2. Comparisons with data collected at these same sites in the early 1980s revealed significant declines in unionid abundance, sporadic recruitment, and extremely slow growth rates, Height-frequency histograms for commercially harvested species remain truncated at the legal harvest size within the mussel refuge, suggesting illegal harvest. Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) have become well established in Reach 15 with mean densities of 2,519 ZBM/m2 in July 1995 and unionid infestation at 48% by September 1995, Our data analysis and observations support the following management actions: (1) closing the commercial harvest of live Megalonaias nervosa lishing entire reaches of the UMR as mussel refuges, (3) developing population models to guide and assist the management of mussels, and (4) monitoring zebra mussel densities and impacts in the Mississippi River.