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Last edited by Tom Morris
April 24, 2023 | History

Cicero

106 BC - 43 BC

Marcus Tullius Cicero (pronounced /ˈsɪsɨroʊ/; Classical Latin: [ˈkikeroː]; January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC) was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and Roman constitutionalist. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the equestrian order, and is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.

He introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary (with neologisms such as humanitas, qualitas, quantitas, and essentia) distinguishing himself as a linguist, translator, and philosopher. An impressive orator and successful lawyer, Cicero thought that his political career was his most important achievement. Today, he is appreciated primarily for his humanism and philosophical and political writings. His voluminous correspondence, much of it addressed to his friend Atticus, has been especially influential, introducing the art of refined letter writing to European culture. Cornelius Nepos, the 1st-century BC biographer of Atticus, remarked that Cicero's letters contained such a wealth of detail "concerning the inclinations of leading men, the faults of the generals, and the revolutions in the government" that their reader had little need for a history of the period. Cicero's speeches and letters remain some of the most important primary sources that survive on the last days of the Roman Republic.

During the chaotic latter half of the first century B.C. marked by civil wars and the dictatorship of Gaius Julius Caesar, Cicero championed a return to the traditional republican government. However, his career as a statesman was marked by inconsistencies and a tendency to shift his position in response to changes in the political climate. His indecision may be attributed to his sensitive and impressionable personality; he was prone to overreaction in the face of political and private change. "Would that he had been able to endure prosperity with greater self-control and adversity with more fortitude!" wrote C. Asinius Pollio, a contemporary Roman statesman and historian. Cicero became an enemy of Mark Antony, attacking him in a series of speeches. He was proscribed an enemy of the state by the Second Triumvirate and subsequently murdered in 43 BC.

Source: Wikipedia

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  • Cover of: [De officiis ; De inventione rhetorica ; Partitiones oratoriae].

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  • Cover of: De officiis
    First published in 1465 129 editions in 8 languages — 17 previewable Cover of edition abhandlungberd00ciceuoft Cover of edition deofficiislibri00cice Cover of edition mtulliiciceronis1850cice Cover of edition deofficiislibrit00ciceuoft Cover of edition deofficiislibrii00ciceuoft Cover of edition deofficiis00cice Cover of edition deofficiis00cicerich Cover of edition deofficiiswithen00ciceuoft Cover of edition cicerodeofficiis00cice

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  • Cover of: [De oratore].
    First published in 1468 7 editions in 2 languages

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  • Cover of: Liber de p[ro]prietatibus termino[rum] Cyceronis iuxta ordine[m] alphabeti compendiose editus

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  • Cover of: [Scripta philosophica].
    First published in 1471 1 edition in 1 language

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  • Cover of: De finibus bonorum et malorum
    First published in 1471 55 editions in 6 languages — 8 previewable Cover of edition definibusbonoru00cice Cover of edition mtulliiciceronis00ciceuoft Cover of edition definibusbonorum00cice_0 Cover of edition definibusbonorum00cice Cover of edition mtulliciceronis00madvgoog Cover of edition definibusbonoru00cicegoog Cover of edition cicerodefinibusb0000unse

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  • Cover of: Catilinarians
    First published in 1475 12 editions in 4 languages

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  • Cover of: Marci Tvllh Ciceronis tvsevlanarvm quaestionvm liber primvs.

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  • Cover of: [Orationes selectae]
    First published in 1480 1 edition in 1 language — 1 previewable

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  • Cover of: Of olde age.
    First published in 1481 1 edition in 1 language

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  • Cover of: Cato maior de senectute
    First published in 1481 93 editions in 8 languages — 20 previewable Cover of edition cicerodesenectut00ciceuoft Cover of edition catomaiordesenec00cice Cover of edition catomajordesenec00ciceuoft Cover of edition catomajordesen00ciceuoft Cover of edition catomaiordialogu00ciceuoft Cover of edition catomaiordesenec00ciceuoft Cover of edition mtvlliciceronisc00ciceuoft Cover of edition twoessaysonoldag00ciceiala Cover of edition mtulliciceronisc00ciceuoft

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  • Cover of: M.T. Cicero's Cato Major, or his Discourse of old-age: with explanatory notes

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  • Cover of: The treatises of M.T. Cicero: On the nature of the gods ; On divination ; On fate ; On the republic ; On the laws ; and On standing for the consulship

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  • Cover of: Paradoxa Ciceronis.
    First published in 1494 1 edition in 1 language

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  • Cover of: Marci Tulii Ciceronis Philippicae Francisci Manturantii enarrationes in Philippicas

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  • Cover of: De oratore cum comment: Omniboni Leoniceni et alia opera

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  • Cover of: Opera
    First published in 1498 1 edition in 1 language

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  • Cover of: De officiis ; De amicitia ; De senectute ; Paradoxa

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  • Cover of: Select orations of M. Tullius Cicero

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  • Cover of: M.T.C. Rhetoricorum libri: cum tribus co[m]mentariis, videlicet Mario Fabio Victorino, Fran. Maturantio ... Anto. Mancinello.

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April 24, 2023 Edited by Tom Morris merge authors
April 24, 2023 Edited by Tom Morris merge authors
December 21, 2022 Edited by Tom Morris merge authors
February 19, 2021 Edited by Tom Morris merge authors
April 1, 2008 Created by an anonymous user initial import